The Legal Aspects of Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Legal Aspects of Nursing - Essay Example This can be attributed to the development of advanced technologies, of the changing societies, as well as the increasing complexities not just of the nursing field but of medicine in general (White, 2001). Aside from creating non-legal binding rules and regulations such as standard operating procedures to be followed while giving services to clients or patients, nurses are also made to abide by legal binding contracts that would penalize them should they break any rules of conduct as specified. Such contracts or laws are made in order to prevent the nurses from committing crimes such as avoiding their responsibilities and duties to patients, or in the other extreme end, of overstepping their boundaries in the name of attending to their responsibilities as providers of patient care (White, 2001). Thus, in order to maintain order and at the same time enforce the adherence to specified rules and regulations in nursing, several laws were enacted to maintain an orderly conduct among membe rs of the nursing field, as well as to allow them to become penalized as necessary in the event that they were found guilty of committing crimes in relation to their line of work based on existing and applicable criminal laws. In the case study concerning the death of34-year-old Jorge Fernandez, the legal aspects of nursing are integral to provide a strong case against the medical personnel involved. In this case, Jorge Fernandez’s wife is the plaintiff since she is the one that was able to do so, as her husband had died due to the negligence of both the ER doctor and the nurse in duty. The ER doctor and the nurse assigned to Mr. Fernandez are the defendants, as the plaintiff sees that their negligence of the patient caused his death. Since negligence is considered to be an unintentional tort, it is punishable under the civil tort law and will be tried through civil litigation in a civil court (White, 2001). The two defendants could possible face charges of medical negligence.

Scott Electronics plcs Essay Example for Free

Scott Electronics plcs Essay To what extent do you think that Scott Electronics plc’s current human resources strategy is effective? (18) Human resource strategy is how a business sees its employees from different business point of view and they are seen as resources to complete the business objectives. Firstly the human resource strategy for Scott electronics is very effective because the firm’s labour productivity is very high with 105 compared to the industry average which is 100. This is very effective as it shows the level of recruitment and the staff the business is recruiting is doing very well which has a positive effect in the recruitment section therefore this will make the company recruit more staff which will increase the productivity of the business. Also the bonuses which is 40% and its 20% higher than the industry average, this shows that the bonuses are keeping the firms employees motivated and it drives them to work harder which mean there will be a increase in productivity and if productivity increases it will have a positive effect on the sales revenue as the company will sell more items which will increase the sales revue and profit. Also another reason why the human resource strategy for Scott electronics is very effective because it has a very unique centralised organisational structure. A centralised structure is where the entire decision making is done from the top of the hierarchy. This is an effective strategy because the entire decision making can be done from the main person who is in charge and it can be done very quickly without going through any difficulties. This is very effective because staff can work through the business objective rather than stressing on the extra responsibility they have on their shoulders which will make them stress free and become more productive. Also they can be told what to do and the managers will have control over their workforce so that employees are less likely to make mistakes or make wrong decisions which will make a negative impact the on the businesses performance. However the human resource strategy for Scott electronics is not that effective because high numbers of employees are on temporary contract which is 75% compared to the industry average which is 25%. This is bad for the business because it will make employees feel that the job security is not there and they are not guaranteed the job which the business can tell the employees that they are not in need and the employees will go away, therefore this might result in the employees not very motivated to do well and they might not think as if they are involved with the business. Also employees on temporary contract are more likely to leave the business as the labour turnover rate is at 10% which is higher than the industry average which is 6%. This is human resource strategy is ineffective because it lead to employees leaving the business every year and the business is losing experienced and valuable staff. Also another reason the human resource strategy for Scott electronics is not that effective because the training budget is below the industry average as Scott electronics training cost is ? 500 compared to the industries average which is ? 1000. This shows that the staff are not that well trained and most of the staff don’t know what they are doing sometimes or they might not know how the company operates as high level of training was not provided. This lead to the amount of defect products increased as the staffs were not well trained and they kept making mistakes therefore the numbers of defects products increased. This is one of my strongest reasons because staffs need to be well trained before they can start the job as they will know what they are doing and how they are going to carry out each task according the company structures of dealing with things. Therefore the staff need to be well trained and the business needs to increase its amount on training the staff which will allow the business to have staff that know what they are doing and make less mistakes as this will cause the staff to make less defect products. In conclusion I think that the human resources strategy is very effect to the business because average span of control for Scott’s electronic is 5 and industry average is 8. This has a greater advantage to the specific business because it will allow the business mangers to control their staff and monitor the progress which the manager can set targets and the targets can be analysed to see if they have reached the targets this will increase the productivity of the business as targets are reached and mangers have better control over their staff and the business. However I think that the current human resource strategy is not that effective to the business because the firm’s defected products are 10% and the industry average is 5% which is doubled the amount. Therefore you can tell that the strategy is not that effective as the staffs are making a lot of mistakes which will cost the business as the raw materials cost money to buy. Also this indicates that strategy is failing as staff are not well trained or may not experienced enough to work in the field which the bale goes the firms recruitment policy as the firm could have employed experienced staff which could have reduced the level of defected products.

Computer Crimes :: essays research papers

Computer Crimes Computer crimes are on the rise 1 in 10 Americans experience some form of a malicious attack on their computer system. If you pay attention to the rest of this speech you will understand how a Hackers mind works and how to defend yourself from them. In this speech I will tell you why and how people break into computers, what sorts of trouble they cause, and what kind of punishment lie ahead for them if caught. Hackers and Crackers break into computer systems for any of a wide variety of reasons. Many groups break into computers for capital gain while still others do it as a means to pass time at work or at school. For most it's a thrill to figure out how to break into a computer. Most people never have any intention of causing harm. I believe that for the vast majority of people it's merely the thrill of the "hunt" at pushes them to such great lengths. Many employees that work in large corporations feel that they don't get paid as much as they should. Therefore if they have high security clearance they are able to capitalize from that by selling the data they have access to on the black-market. Whether it be Ford Motor companies plan for the 1999 F-150 or spec sheets for the military's new bomber it happens everyday. Too by left is a drawing that illustrates the method that most Hackers use to take over your computer. Ever since the dial-up connection was invented anyone with a modem had the ability to wreck any one of thousands of computers. One of the most talked about forms of computer crime is computer viruses. A computer virus is a small but highly destructive program written by an unscrupulous computer Hacker. Back in 1984 a 17 year old computer Hacker single handedly brought down four hundred thousand computers in a matter of hours. Too my left is a graph depicting the # of computer crimes comited from 1988 till now. Some Hackers create a program called a worm. A worm is a piece of malicious software and is part of the virus family. People write worms to transfer money from bank accounts into their own personal checking account. Another way that Hackers cause trouble is by altering the telephone switching networks at MCI, AT&T, and Sprint. By doing this they are able to listen to any conversation they choose. Often-times they will listen in on the Police and FBI communicating with each-other. This allows them to move to a new location

Breach of Contract in the Business World

| Breach of Contract in the Business World| | | | | | | Table of Contents Executive Summaryiii I. Introduction1 II. Breach of Contract1 III. Immaterial Breach of Contract1 IV. Material Breach of Contract2 V. Remedies3 VI. Remedies at Law3 VII. Remedies in Equity5 VIII. Summary6 IX. Bibliography8 Executive Summary This paper discusses the legal concept of a breach of contract and the options a business has in pursuing a breach of contract case.It defines what constitutes a breach of contract, how a party may breach a contract, and it compares the legal distinction between an immaterial and material breach of contract. This paper concludes with a description of what remedies are available to the non-breaching party when a contract has been breached. It describes the types of remedies at law (monetary damages) and remedies in equity that may be awarded in a breach of contract case. Introduction Contracts form the very foundation of every legal business endeavor.They can dictate how a bu siness is formed, the terms and conditions of employment, or a sales agreement between a business and its customer. In a perfect world, both parties would benefit from a contract and no disputes would arise. In the real business world, delays occur, financial problems happen, and unexpected events may prevent a contract from being fulfilled. It is imperative that a business understands what constitutes a breach of contract, how a party may breach a contract, and what legal remedies are available to recover any damages that may be incurred.Breach of Contract A breach of contract occurs when one party fails to perform any term of a contract, written or oral, without a legitimate legal excuse (Hill, Breach of Contract). A businesses’ course of legal action against a breach of contract will depend on what type of breach has occurred, whether the breach is material (substantial) or immaterial (minor), and what damages have been incurred. Immaterial Breach of Contract An immaterial breach of contract does not substantially impair the value of an entire contract.An immaterial breach allows the non-breaching party to sue for the actual damages it sustains, but it does not excuse the injured party from its contractual obligations (Gifis, 2010). In the contract case of Jacob & Youngs v. Kent, the court dealt with the matter of an immaterial breach of contract (Jacob & Young v. Kent, 1921). In the case, the plaintiff sued the defendant for not paying for the installation of pipes in his home.The defendant refused to pay because the defendant learned that some of the pipes installed in his home were of the brand name Cohoes, instead of Reading. The defendant argued that the plaintiff should replace all of the piping with the brand agreed upon in the contract before having to pay the plaintiff. The plaintiff refused and asked that the final payment be made. The court found that the breach of contract by the plaintiff was immaterial because the pipes that were instal led were the same type and quality to which the parties had originally agreed.The only difference between the two pipes was the brand name. The defendant was ordered to remit the final payment to the plaintiff and received no damages because the actual difference of value between the two brands of piping was zero. Material Breach of Contract A material breach of contract discharges the non-breaching party from further performance under the contract and entitles the injured party to sue for damages or for performance of the contract (Jentz & Miller, 2007, p. 218).The Restatement (Second) of Contracts lists the following criteria to determine whether a specific failure constitutes a material breach: In determining whether a failure to render or to offer performance is material, the following circumstances are significant: (a) the extent to which the injured party will be deprived of the benefit which he reasonably expected; (b) the extent to which the injured party can be adequately c ompensated for the part of that benefit of which he will be deprived; (c) the extent to which the party failing to perform or to offer to perform will suffer forfeiture; (d) the likelihood that the party failing to perform or to offer to perform will cure his failure, taking account of all the circumstances including any reasonable assurances; (e) the extent to which the behavior of the party failing to perform or to offer to perform comports with standards of good faith and dealing. (Restatement (Second) of Contracts, 1981) In the previously mentioned law case of Jacob & Youngs v. Kent, if the piping installed had been an inferior quality or material, the breach of contract would have been a material breach. In this case, the court would have agreed with the defendant and ordered the plaintiff to replace all of the piping with the correct brand and quality of piping. RemediesA remedy is the relief given to an innocent party to enforce a right to compensate for the violation of a ri ght (Jentz & Miller, 2007, p. 7). In law there are two types of remedies: remedies at law and remedies in equity. Remedies at law are typically classified as monetary damages while remedies in equity usually include rescission and restitution, specific performance, and contract reformation. A breach of contract case normally entitles the non-breaching party to sue for monetary damages (a remedy at law). In some cases, however, when the remedy at law is inadequate, a court will allow the non-breaching party to sue for an equitable remedy. Remedies at Law In most breach of contract cases, the non-breaching party is entitled to sue or monetary damages, also known a remedy at law. Monetary damages are designed to compensate the non-breaching party for the loss of the bargain and to try and put the innocent party in the position they would have occupied had the terms of the contract been fulfilled (Jentz & Miller, 2007, p. 226). Compensatory Compensatory damages are an amount of money aw arded by the court to compensate the non-breaching party for a particular detriment or injury sustained as a direct result from the loss of a bargain due to a breach of contract. The amount awarded is intended to replace the amount the non-breaching party lost and nothing more (Gale, 2010). ConsequentialConsequential damages or â€Å"special damages† are damages that arise only from the consequences of a breach of contract. Consequential damages may be awarded in a breach of contract case when it includes the loss of profit or revenue as a result of a breach of contract. The damages may only be collected if it is determined that the damages were reasonably foreseeable when the contract was made (Hill A. , 1974). Punitive Punitive damages are awarded to compensate the injured party, to punish the breaching party, and to deter others from committing the same act. Punitive damages are monetary damages awarded above and beyond what is necessary to compensate a party for their los ses.Punitive damages are normally not awarded in a breach of contract case unless a tort is involved but some suggest the stance on this may be changing (Sullivan, 1976-1977). Nominal Nominal damages are a small amount of money (such as one dollar) awarded to the non-breaching party in a lawsuit to show that the loss or harm suffered was technical rather than actual. It is also used to establish that the defendant acted wrongfully (Hill G. a. , Nominal Damages, 2010). Remedies in Equity In some breach of contract cases businesses are not interested in monetary compensation. In these cases, money is an insufficient substitute to the original terms of the contract and the non-breaching party may wish to sue for an equitable remedy instead. Rescission and RestitutionThe rescission of a contract essentially terminates the contract and returns the non-breaching parties to their former positions before the contract was made. Rescission is available when fraud, mistake, duress, or failure of consideration is present in a contract. The rescinding party is also entitled to restitution (Williston, 1922, p. 1455). Restitution requires both parties to return any goods or money that was given to the other party. Restitution is used to prevent the unjust enrichment of another party (Williston, 1922, p. 1456). Specific Performance Specific performance is an equitable court-ordered remedy that calls for the precise performance of the act promised in the contract (Wild, 2006).This remedy is often ordered by the court in the sale of a rare article or unique piece of land because awarding monetary damages would be insufficient to cover the perceived loss by the non-breaching party. Reformation Contract reformation is an equitable remedy available to parties of a written contract when the contract does not truly express the intention of both parties. â€Å"The mistake may be the mutual error of both parties to the contract, or the oversight of one party which the other knew or s uspected at the time of entering the agreement. † (American Home Ins. Co. v Travelers Indemnity Co, 1981) Contract reformation is also used when fraud is present and it allows the contract to be rewritten to reflect the parties’ true intentions. SummaryA breach of contract occurs when one party fails to perform any of the contract terms. The breach may be immaterial or material depending on whether or not the value of the contract has been substantially impaired. Remedies are the compensation awarded to the non-breaching party in a breach of contract case. There are two types of remedies for a breach of contract: remedies at law and remedies in equity. Remedies at law are pecuniary damages awarded to the non-breaching party to compensate them for the loss of the bargain while remedies in equity may include rescission and restitution, contract reformation, and specific performance. Bibliography American Home Ins. Co. v Travelers Indemnity Co, 122 (Cal.App 3d 951,961 1981 ). Gale, T. (2010). West's Encyclopedia of American Law. Retrieved April 21, 2010, from Answers. com:http://www. answers. com/library/Law%20Encyclopedia-cid-6927283 Gifis, S. H. (2010). Law Dictionary. Retrieved April 21, 2010, from Answers. com: http://www. answers. com/topic/breach-of-contract Hill, A. (1974). Breach of Contract as a Tort. Columbia Law Review (74), 40. Hill, G. a. (n. d. ). Breach of Contract. Retrieved January 6, 2010, from Law. com Dictionary: http://dictionary. law. com/Default. aspx? selected=93 Hill, G. a. (2010). Nominal Damages. Retrieved April 21, 2010, from The Free Dictionary by Farlax: http://legal-dictionary. hefreedictionary. com/Nominal+Damages Jacob ; Young v Kent, 230 (N. Y. 1921). Jentz, G. , ; Miller, R. (2007). Fundamentals of Business Law: Summarized Cases (Seventh ed. ). Mason: South-Western Cengage Learning. Restatement (Second) of Contracts  § 241. (1981) Sullivan, T. J. (1976-1977). Punitive Damages in the Law of Contract: The Reality and the Illusion of Legal Change. Minn. L. Rev (61), 207. Wild, S. (Ed. ). (2006). Webster's New World Law Dictionary. Retrieved April 21, 2010, from Yourdictionary. com: http://www. yourdictionary. com/law/specific-performance Williston, S. (1922). The Law of Contract. New York: New York Baker, Voorhis & Co.

McDonald’s

McDonalds retail outlet resembles a machine in many ways. McDonald’s has many employees that were hired for a certain job position. Without those employees, there would be a missing part to the â€Å"machine†, therefore the business would not operate properly. The employees represent the parts to the machine that do one thing, over and over again. When you go to McDonalds, you place your order with the cashier, then the order is sent to the cooks, and then there is someone there who bags your food. Without any of those people how would McDonalds operate? If an employee calls out sick and doesn’t show up to work, they get someone to replace them. â€Å"Parts† are replaceable. In terms of Frederick Taylor's principles of scientific management, each task performed at McDonalds has one best method. It is the manager’s responsibility to find that best method. It is also the manager’s responsibility to hire and train the employee that is using that method. It is the employee’s responsibility to perform the task using that method in order for McDonalds to run properly. In terms of Max Weber's hierarchical structure, McDonalds is a major corporation for which it’s owner has the highest authority and responsibility that everyone below him are doing their job functions correctly in order to maintain a successful business. Then you have regional managers, district managers, store managers, assistant managers/ supervisors, and the employees. In terms of Henri Fayol's administrative principles of McDonalds, there is a chain of command from top to bottom. There are store owners, store managers, assistant managers, and the employees. There are organizational goals that must be met, and it is the responsibility of the managers to make sure that it’s employees are performing those tasks and following the rule that are applied to all. I believe McDonalds has been a successful franchise due to a consistent commitment to standards. McDonalds success thrives on adapting to consumer demands. McDonalds franchise restaurants became well known for the inspired and defining vision created by Kroc for his restaurant business. â€Å"Quality, Service, Cleanliness and Value† was the company’s motto, and customers knew that no matter where they travelled, they could rely on those qualities at every McDonalds they visited. Kroc’s brilliant marketing insights produced many winning strategies. He launched â€Å"Hamburger University† in 1961 in Elk Grove, Illinois, to train all franchisees in every aspect of McDonald’s management. Kroc also targeted families as his best market share. This resulted in the debut of the â€Å"Ronald McDonald† clown character on television in 1963. There are many similarities in organization between McDonalds and other successful franchise organizations, such as Burger King, who was founded by James McLamore, and Glen Bell, founder of Taco Bell. These two mean visited McDonalds just after Ray Kroc back in 1954. They all were very impressed with the speedy business operation that served so many people at once. Mechanistic organization of McDonald’s retail outlets is the best method for the franchise with the process of innovation so characteristic of the McDonald’s enterprise because they kept their beliefs and values throughout all these years which has made them very successful to this day.

Zora Neale Hurston Quotes

Zora Neale Hurston Quotes Zora Neale Hurston was a folklorist and writer. She was part of the Harlem Renaissance, but she never quite fit into the black writer stereotype and was too black for white audiences, so her work fell into obscurity. She wrote such classics as Their Eyes Were Watching God, and How it Feels to Be Colored Me Alice Walker led a revival of Zora Neale Hurston popularity beginning in the 1970s, and Zora Neale Hurston is now considered among the classic American writers of the 20th century. Selected Zora Neale Hurston Quotations I want a busy life, a just mind, and a timely death.Through it all, I remain myself.Mama exhorted her children at every opportunity to jump at de sun. We might not land on the sun, but at least we would get off the ground.No man may make another free.Grab the broom of anger and drive off the beast of fear.Learning without wisdom is a load of books on a donkeys back.No matter how far a person can go the horizon is still way beyond you.If you are silent about your pain, they’ll kill you and say you enjoyed it.It is hard to apply oneself to study when there is no money to pay for food and lodging. I almost never explain these things when folks are asking me why I dont do this or that.Sometimes I feel discriminated against, but it does not make me angry. It merely astonishes me. How can any deny themselves the pleasure of my company? Its beyond me.There is nothing to make you like other human beings so much as doing things for them.It seems to me that trying to live without friend s is like milking a bear to get cream for your morning coffee. It is a whole lot of trouble, and then not worth much after you get it. Happiness is nothing but everyday living seen through a veil.Life is the flower for which love is the honey.Love, I find, is like singing. Everybody can do enough to satisfy themselves, though it may not impress the neighbors as being very much.Love makes your soul crawl out from its hiding place.There are years that ask questions and years that answer.When one is too old for love, one finds great comfort in good dinners.Ships at a distance have every mans wish on board. For some they come in with the tide. For others they sail forever on the horizon, never out of sight, never landing, until the Watcher turns his eyes away in resignation, his dreams mocked to death by Time. That is the life of men. Now, women forget all those things they dont want to remember, and remember everything they dont want to forget. The dream is the truth. They then act and do things accordingly.Those that dont got it, cant show it. Those that got it, cant hide it.I belong to no race nor time. I am the eter nal feminine with its string of beads. I am not tragically colored. There is no great sorrow dammed up in my soul, nor lurking behind my eyes. I do not mind at all.I am colored but I offer nothing in the way of extenuating circumstances except the fact that I am the only Negro in the United States whose grandfather on the mothers side was not an Indian chief.Maybe some of the details of my birth as told me might be a little inaccurate, but it is pretty well established that I really did get born.Someone is always at my elbow reminding me that I am the granddaughter of slaves. It fails to register depression with me.I feel most colored when I am thrown against a sharp white background.The present was an egg laid by the past that had the future inside its shell.Research is formalized curiosity. It is poking and prying with a purpose. It is a seeking that he who wishes may know the cosmic secrets of the world and they that dwell therein.Once you wake up thought in a man, you can never put it to sleep again.My eyes and my min d keep taking me where my old legs cant keep up. There is something about poverty that smells like death. Dead dreams dropping off the heart like leaves in a dry season and rotting around the feet.Jamaica is the land where the rooster lays an egg.I have been in Sorrows kitchen and licked out all the pots. Then I have stood on the peaky mountain wrapped in rainbows, with a harp and a sword in my hands.It is quite exciting to hold the center of the national stage, with the spectators not knowing whether to laugh or to weep.I love myself when I am laughing. And then again when I am looking mean and impressive.

Change your daily routine and find happiness

Change your daily routine and find happiness It’s a new year, and like most of us you’re probably eager to get it started off on the right foot- which might include figuring out how to increase your daily happiness. After all, life is short and no one wants to spend their days needlessly unhappy, especially when you can make a few easy life adjustments to get you smiling again. Even making some small tweaks to your daily routine can make a world of difference. Is your usual routine relaxed and well organized, setting you up for a positive and productive day? Or is it more chaotic and anxious, setting you up for uncertainty and a greater likelihood that things will go wrong? Setting your day off on the wrong foot- and keeping it there with the wrong daily routine- is a clear recipe for unhappiness.Inc. recently published an article  that highlighted 7 easy-to-implement changes that you can make to your daily routine that can improve your overall mood, productivity, and health- key components of lasting and sustai ned happiness. Use the strategies presented here to make positive changes to your daily routine and increase your level of happiness.Write down your thoughts and feelings.Keeping a small notebook or journal to jot down your daily thoughts and feelings can make a world of difference. Not only is it an excellent way to calmly work through the tangle of ideas that continually fight for primacy in our crowded brains, it’s a good way to slow life down for a bit, relax, and allow some quiet time for thoughtful reflection. Beyond this, it’s also a good way to ensure that you don’t forget things, which can really ruin your day.Chat with a fellow commuter.Many of us go through significant portions of our day feeling isolated and disconnected from the world around us, which can be a real recipe for routine unhappiness. Forging a new, meaningful connection with someone you encounter each day- like a fellow commuter- can help reconnect you to the world at large, and with an y luck you’ll make a meaningful and lasting friendship. Who wouldn’t be happy about that?Take a beautiful photo on your way to work.When we get stuck in a rut, we become desensitized to things around us as we mechanically go through the motions of our daily routine. When we can no longer recognize the beauty in the world, it becomes increasingly difficult to stay happy. Do yourself a favor- take a moment to stop and find something beautiful around you each day and take a photo, which will serve as a lasting reminder that life is filled with wonderful moments. Chances are, those photos will make you smile whenever you look at them.Plan something joyful for tomorrow.In many ways, humans are predictable creatures- we feel happy when we have something to look forward to. Take advantage of this quirk of human nature by taking time each day to plan something joyful for tomorrow. It doesn’t have to be something big; even a small bit of future happiness can bring a smil e to our faces. Give it a try.Set one goal for the day.People also feel good when they achieve goals they set for themselves. Each day, set one achievable goal for yourself- and make sure you give an honest effort towards achieving it. Once again, the size of the goal isn’t the main thing here; even achieving a modest goal that you set for yourself can bring you a measure of happiness, not to mention help make your day productive.Consider outsourcing a chore.Life is full of responsibilities that we as adults must devote our time and energy to each day- whether we want to do them or not. That said, there are some chores in our lives that we don’t necessarily have to do ourselves. Try letting yourself off the hook for a chore you can just as easily pass along to someone else. Chances are, you’ll breathe a small sigh of relief and have a little extra time for something that makes you happy.List something you appreciate.Although it’s easy to take the good thi ngs in our lives for granted at times, it gets much harder to do so when we write them down. Try thinking of something you’re grateful for each day and write it down. The act of doing so can really solidify its importance and can serve as a powerful, tangible reminder that there are things in life worth being happy about.There you have it- ideas you can incorporate into your daily routine to make your life a little brighter. It may take a little effort, but isn’t your happiness worth it?

Should I Take the PSAT as a Sophomore

Should I Take the PSAT as a Sophomore SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Is it a good idea to take the PSAT as a sophomore?Here's a spoiler: Absolutely. Affirmative. A resounding yes. When you take the PSAT as an 11th grader, there are some pretty high stakes attached in the form of National Merit distinctions and scholarships. Therefore, it's definitely a good idea to do a trial run before you sit for the one thatcounts for so much. Let's talk about all the reasons it's a smart and strategic idea to sit for the PSAT as a sophomore. Reason 1: It's GoodPractice for the Junior-Year PSAT Once again, your junior-year PSAT scores might make you eligible for National Merit distinctions- such as Commended Scholar, Semifinalist, and Finalist- and even scholarshipsif you score in the top 1%. The types of questions and skills tested on the PSAT don't change too much from year to year, so taking it as a sophomore is a great way to familiarize yourself with the test. With this valuable, realistic testing experience and your own self-studying and prep, you'll be a pro by the time you sit for the PSAT again your junior year. If you're prepping throughout your freshman year and the summer after it, taking the PSAT during your sophomore year can be a good check-in and way to gauge your progress.If you're already scoring in the 95th percentile or above, you're in a good place to bring your scores up into the top 1% the following year. Your sophomore score report will help you identify your strengths and weaknesses and show you what to focus on so you can bring your scores up over the top. It's especially smart to practice taking the PSAT as a sophomore if you are aiming for a qualifying National Merit score. The PSAT is also helpful to prepare you for the other hugely important test for college: the SAT. Reason 2: It's GoodPractice for the SAT The PSAT isa lot like the SAT. Your PSAT scores are meant to predict your SAT scores; as a result, the two tests are scored on a similar scale. While the PSAT is scored between 320 and 1520,with a range of 160-760 for both Math and Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW), the SAT is scored between400 and 1600,with a range of 200-800 for both Math and EBRW. The range for PSAT scores is slightly lower to account for the fact that it's a somewhat easier test than the SAT.Though a perfect PSAT score predicts a strong SAT score, it's not necessarily directly comparable to a full 1600 on the SAT. Apart from a similar scoring system and no point deductions for wrong answers, the PSAT and SAT are similar in the skills they highlight.Both exams focus on understanding meaning in context, commanding evidence, and interpreting and applying data from graphs and charts. Instead of asking you to answer questions about stand-alone sentences, for example, the tests will ask you about longer passages and the relationships among sentences. Because of this, prepping for and taking the PSAT will directly help you do well on the SAT. You can even use your PSAT scores to predict your SAT scoresand set goals from there. If you're doing well already on the PSAT, you might want to try prepping for and even taking the SAT as a sophomoreas well. If you do well, you could get it out of the way altogether. If not, you could just retake ityour junior and senior year to try to continue improving your scores. It is possible to do very well on the SAT as a sophomore, and by preparing earlyyou'll be ahead of the curve and can ease your workload for junior year. Want to get a head start on the PSAT NMQST? We have the industry's leading PSAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so that you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today: Reason 3: It's Useful for AP Class Placement and Test Success In addition to predicting SAT scores, PSAT scores have some predictive correlation with your future AP test scores. As a result, some high schools use sophomore-year PSAT scores to determine students' readiness for AP classes and to approve AP course placement. It's a good idea to speak with your school counselor to see whether PSAT scores are a consideration in planning the following year's course schedule. Regardless of your school's requirements, your PSAT performance can personally reveal whether you're ready to take on AP; they can also help you determine where you need to do some more studying and prep to strengthen your skills for the following year. Show colleges you're on the right track. Reason 4: It Shows Colleges You're on the Right Track The last reason to take the PSAT as a sophomore isthe message it sends to colleges. Putting in the effort to take the PSAT as a sophomore signals to colleges that you're doing all you can to prepare for college throughout your high school career. You can even be directly added to contact lists if you so choose, based on the personal information and interests you indicated at the beginning of the test. Therefore, taking the PSAT in 10th grade is not just helpful to you in thepresent for improving your scores and for understanding your academic strengths and weaknesses- it also has long-reaching benefits in your future by demonstrating your overall readiness for college. Summary: Taking the PSAT as a Sophomore In sum, taking the PSAT in 10th grade can be avaluable testing experience and tell you where you need to improve for junior year,especially if you're aiming for National Merit. Just like the SAT, the PSAT is all about preparation. You can absolutely do well and improve your scores through practice, but this practice needs to be specific to your needs and concentrated on the areas you struggle with the most. Your 10th grade score report can help predict your future PSAT and SAT scores. In addition, it can be a helpful measure of how effective your studying has been so far. Basically, taking the PSAT in 10th grade is both predictiveand diagnostic: it tells you where you're headedandwhat weaknesses you canturn into strengths to achieve your junior-year goals. What's Next? Want to learn more about the PSAT?Check out ourexpert guides tolearn everything you need to know about the PSAT formatand how it's scored. Hundreds of students have downloadedthese free PSAT practice tests to boost their PSAT scores. This article hastwo official PSATpractice tests for you to download and the tips you need to know to use them effectively in your prep! Are you planning to take the SAT? This article explainswhy it's so important to start studying early and how to go about doing so. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes your prep program to your strengths and weaknesses. We also feature thousands of practice questions, 10 official SAT practice tests, and personal feedback on your essays from an expert instructor. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Movies summery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Movies summery - Essay Example Besides some compelling footages, the documentary also features voices and eye opening stories of farmers, food experts, food advocates, business people, and government officials. Food, Inc. seeks to inform the audience as consumers about their role in bring change to the system through making informed food choices. Food, Inc. presents an historical overview of the fast food industry indicating the transformation that has taken place over the years based the revolution of farming practices together with what and how people eat in the entire global food system. The documentary singles out the increased demand for fast food, which is inexpensive and unvarying in quality, and taste as what caused the shift to factory farming. However, it is noted that the demand for inexpensive food has led to people paying other prices like poor health and environmental degradation. The government policy of offering subsidies to corn farmers has made the commodity cheap therefore; many food producers f ind it continent to include corn or its ingredients in different products making corn perverse in many foodstuffs. It has become common, Food, Inc. notes for food producers to include components extracted from corn like xanthan gum, high-fructose corn syrup, and saccharin in their foods. The documentary also covers food contamination and the health risk such contamination pose to the population because of the revolution in food system. Contamination of food for human consumption due to the presence of bacteria such as E. coli has had far-reaching effects on human health as seen from the death of a child who ate contaminated hamburger. To make the concerns in the current food system clear, the documentary explores inherent differences between small-scale farming and industrial farming. Related to large-scale production, Food Inc. explores issues of workers’ rights and immigration of people to work in large slaughterhouses. These workers get low wages, have no job security, and have no right to form unions. The current food industry has made it impossible for small-scale farmers to compete according to Food Inc. the documentary highlights a case of a CEO of what used to be a small-scale organic yogurt production company but his company has since been taken over by a larger corporation called Groupe Danone. Food, Inc. further explores the changes in the food industries specifically targeting the treatment of seeds. The patents held by companies such as Monsanto which sells genetically modified seeds has made it illegal for farmers to store seeds from previous seasons. Some farmers face legal action even when their seeds have been contaminated by the genetically modified once from such companies. Lack of consumer awareness on the way food is processed and the ingredient it contains has been highlighted in Food, Inc as a problem. Many eat thinking they have taken a variety of food nutrients yet they have only eaten the same food type processed and packaged d ifferently. Business organizations as indicated in Food Inc. protect themselves and their products by holding onto intellectual property, and do not use detailed labels or warnings on food products they sale. Flow: For Love of Water Released in 2008, Flow: for Love of Water is a documentary about water management produced by Steven Starr. Irena Salina, the director, includes interviews from activists such as Peter Gleick, Maude Barlow, plus insights from scientists such as Rajendra Singh, Ashok Gadgil and

Six Principles by Morgenthau Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Six Principles by Morgenthau - Essay Example Morgenthau’s work â€Å"Principles of Political Realism: A Masculine Perspective?† gives six philosophic concepts of modern realism in the world, which include the importance of objectivity or rationality of decisions and interest defined in terms of power that brings rational order into politics, which is void of any emotions. The principles also describe power as an objective category that is universally legitimate, not without a fixed meaning assigned to it, and recognizes the tension that can be felt between the moral command and what may be required for a viable and triumphant political action. Morgenthau argues there are moral laws that preside over the world but being self-centred saves human beings from the excesses of morals and political idiocy. According to Tickner, the argument by Morgenthau is just a small argument of the description of international politics as it is based on assumption of the nature of human beings that are skewed towards a male point of view. Therefore as a feminist, Tickner argues that it is difficult to find a common and objective foundation for knowledge and that knowledge is only constructed socially. Consequently, the author castoffs the disagreement that supports self-sufficiency of the social sphere, arguing that personal is political. As a feminist reformulation of Morgenthau’s work, Tickner argues that there should be a dynamic objectivity that offers a more connected view of objectivity with less chance for domination and national interest is defined contextually and multi-dimensionally (Art and Jervis 22-34). Power that is in the world should not be fused with a meaning that is universally accepted and all political actions must bear moral significances. Tickner proposes that common moral elements inherent in the aspirations of human beings should be put into place in solving international conflicts and build an international community. Question Two Globalization has come with different impacts on developing nations due to the increased reliance on market driven economy currently present in the world coupled with renewed growth of private capital and other resources. The World Bank through its structural adjustment programs and other international organizations has also played role spreading globalization in developing countries. Globalization has come with it several opportunities to the developing countries as they are now able to access the markets in the developed nations plus the advantage of transfers in technology that is translated into improved productivity and living standards. However, globalization has also brought with it challenges like the increase in inequality amongst citizens in a nation, volatility in the financial markets and environmental concerns such as degradation and deterioration of the environment. Globalization may also not benefit developing countries as most of them are always removed from the process of globalizing their markets either through barriers such as trade barriers. In India, globalization has had the effect of intensifying interdependence and competition between it and other markets within the world. The increased trade in goods and services as well as services and the movement of capital can show the interdependence from one market to the other. The result of this is that domestic economic developments in the economy are not only determined by domestic policies and market conditions but also international policies. The effect of this is that most developing nations including India lose their domestic policy-making autonomy, as the policies they make must be in consonance with

There are questions I need to answer to them I will write it in Assignment

There are questions I need to answer to them I will write it in assigment criteria - Assignment Example Alternatively, the market structure can be defined as oligopoly in view of the fact that that there are other key players within the market who are â€Å"peer competitors† (James, 2010, p. 211). The key aspects of existing corporate objectives of Toyota Motors, with respect to its marketing plan are (1) Mission Statement, (2) Targets of the Business, and (3) Sustainable Competitive Advantage. The Toyota Motor’s mission statement is termed as a â€Å"Global Vision† (Liker & Meier, 2011, p. 111) on the company’s website. The company aims to lead the way to the potential of mobility, inspiring lives all over the world with the most secure as well as most responsible ways commuting. Through its dedication towards excellence, continuous improvement and admiration for the planet, the company plans to go beyond expectations and â€Å"be rewarded with a smile† (Liker & Meier, 2011, p. 123). ... 51) approach turned out to be immensely popular as consumers no longer considered a locally made Toyota as substandard. Customer confidence can only be gained by a reliable, elegant product, and Toyota recognizes that promoting better-quality human resources is crucial to ascertain consistent quality. Toyota’s mission statement shows that company’s objectives incorporate acquiring clients through provisions of high-valued products as well as services, and the most rewarding experience of ownership. â€Å"This mission is topped only by the company’s vision of being the most successful and respected car company in around the globe† (Lusch et al, 2006, p. 267). With these principles in mind, the marketing plan of the Toyota reveals an evaluated approach of company’s quantitative as well as qualitative objectives, to guarantee alliance with the existing mission and success in accomplishing. As an international business, Toyota sets its objectives based on international sales. The existing corporate objective involves international sales of the Toyota to reach 25 billion. For an automobile manufacturer that previously sells just over 750,000 units in United States, the corporate objectives also includes reinventing the image of Toyota and target a redefined market segment with the intention of creating the additional sales required, by demonstrating the value of Toyota Motors and enhancing the link of consumers with the Toyota family. Marketing Audit Marketing Mix Marketing mix is a vital part of the marketing policies of the Toyota Motors. With the execution of the varied components of the marketing mix, the business has made very successful marketing strategies as well as methods. With the marketing approach, planned on the

Business formation and purpose Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business formation and purpose - Lab Report Example All these four airline services were integrated on 31st March 1974 to form British Airways. BA continued its operations for almost 13 years as a state-owned company. In February 1987, the BA was privatised as part of the Conservative government’s wider privatisation plan. Soon after its privatisation in 1987, the company acquired British Caledonian in the same year, Dan-Air in 1992, and British Midland International in 2012 so as to promote its global expansion. BA is a member of the Oneworld airline alliance along with other founding members like American Airlines, Qantas, Canadian Airlines, and Cathay Pacific. Today the Oneworld alliance has become the world’s third largest airline alliance after SkyTeam and Star Alliance. On 21st January 2011, BA merged with Iberia to form the International Airlines Group (IAG), which is the parent company of BA. IAG is the third largest airline group in the world and the second largest in Europe by annual revenues. It has been liste d on the London Stock Exchange and in the FTSE 100 Index. The BA operates under airline industry. While analysing the industrial classifications of the BA, it seems that the company maintains four major subsidiaries including BA CityFlyer, OpenSkies, British Airways Limited, and British Airways World Cargo. The BA CityFlyer, Didsbury based wholly owned subsidiary airline of BA, operates a number of European and domestic services from London City Airport. This BA subsidiary has gained a United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority Type A operating licence to carry passengers, cargo, and mail on aircrafts having 20 seats or above. In 2008, the BA CityFlyer signed a contract with Embraer to obtain the delivery of 11 E-Jet aircrafts for the purpose of modernising the fleet. In addition, the organisation ordered 3 extra Embraer 190 aircraft in late 2013. According to official data, the company carried roughly 1.2 million

Social economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Social economics - Essay Example Improving the social being is one of the prime concerns of the governments and devotes a lot of interest to achieve economic prosperity. But economic prosperity may not bring improved social well being for all as well being is not directly related to income. The aspects of social capital can act to reduce transaction costs and also encourage behavior and trust. The different sources within the community can be thought of as the origination of social capital. Social capital can operate and emerge in families and educational institutions and also in business and local community. Social capital can have both positive and negative impacts on the society. On the one hand it creates social division and on the other leads to social and economic well being at least for some sections of the society. There are mainly five mechanisms by which social capital can affect the outcomes. A distinction can be made between the formal and informal forms of social capital. Formal social capital refers to patterns of behavior, exchange norms, networks which are formally defined. The networks operating outside this formal system refer to informal social capital. The usefulness of this distinction lies in illustrating the problems arising in operations of social capital. The first kind of social capital can be found in the extent of civil society while the second form can be difficult to find as it requires household surveys. At the national level poverty refers to a country’s lack of resources necessary towards education, health and infrastructure. This may give rise to political unrest. In the developed countries poverty is one of the social problems. Poverty alleviation has been one of the guiding principles for most of the governments. The role of economic growth and development in creating employment avenues has clearly been recognized. Some specific sectors have been chosen by most administrations and growth oriented approach has been undertaken.

First assigment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

First assigment - Essay Example Personally, this artwork is the most beautiful set of limestone that I have ever seen in my entire life that is why I chose it for this assignment. The artwork is the Floor Mosaic Fragment Depicting Bacchus. The artwork is made of limestone tesserae with a dimension of 117.5 x 117.5 cm. The estimated date of its creation is before 5th century and its provenance is Daphne, from a villa at Daphne near Antioch or modern Antakya, Turkey (RISD Museum, nd). The artwork is an image of Bacchus in the center of the mosaic floor. The form of the whole artwork is a perfect square and inside the square is circle with a series of wave inside it. The color is flesh and inside the wavy circle is the image of Bacchus looking in the upper left corner of the box. He is wearing the typical roman garb with laurels on his head indicating that he holds a special position in roman society. I would like to compare the style of the artwork to Rembrandt’s later works where thick marks of brushes can be seen in the painting. It may look rough when scrutinized closely but its beauty is revealed when looked at a distance. The same is true with the floor mosaic fragment of Bacchus where its beauty can only be appreciated when looked at a distance because the color blends to form a complete whole portrait of Bacchus. There are also some details and decorations that may not be seen when the artwork is observed closely but can be appreciated when one steps back to appreciate the whole picture. For example, the roman leaves on the head of Bacchus may be just pebbles or lime stones when observed closely but when steps back, the intricate detail of the artwork can be appreciated. The same is true for the dress. Up close, it does not resemble to any work of art but just a collection of lime stones until of course one steps back and realize that it is in fact a dress. One has to remember that during that time, the formal method of drawing or painting did not yet

Social economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Social economics - Essay Example Improving the social being is one of the prime concerns of the governments and devotes a lot of interest to achieve economic prosperity. But economic prosperity may not bring improved social well being for all as well being is not directly related to income. The aspects of social capital can act to reduce transaction costs and also encourage behavior and trust. The different sources within the community can be thought of as the origination of social capital. Social capital can operate and emerge in families and educational institutions and also in business and local community. Social capital can have both positive and negative impacts on the society. On the one hand it creates social division and on the other leads to social and economic well being at least for some sections of the society. There are mainly five mechanisms by which social capital can affect the outcomes. A distinction can be made between the formal and informal forms of social capital. Formal social capital refers to patterns of behavior, exchange norms, networks which are formally defined. The networks operating outside this formal system refer to informal social capital. The usefulness of this distinction lies in illustrating the problems arising in operations of social capital. The first kind of social capital can be found in the extent of civil society while the second form can be difficult to find as it requires household surveys. At the national level poverty refers to a country’s lack of resources necessary towards education, health and infrastructure. This may give rise to political unrest. In the developed countries poverty is one of the social problems. Poverty alleviation has been one of the guiding principles for most of the governments. The role of economic growth and development in creating employment avenues has clearly been recognized. Some specific sectors have been chosen by most administrations and growth oriented approach has been undertaken.

Best Snacks Problem Solution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Best Snacks Problem Solution - Essay Example The concepts and practices that are related to this are inclusive of observations, strategies and implementation of new alternatives within the company. The plan is also based on beginning to alter the practices and policies for research and development while adding in training to begin altering the organizational culture. The ability to develop this particular plan for Best Snacks is one which then requires movement into the culture and production based approaches within the company. By strategically implementing this perspective, there will be the ability to look into total quality management alternatives. Describe the Situation Issue and Opportunity Identification 1. The first issue is with Best Snack moving below other competitors. It is now slipping past other competitors as well as smaller businesses that are moving forward with new innovations. 2. R& D is no longer performing to the same measures that it did, leaving the product development behind from past years. 3. Marketing methods with old and new products are not being implemented outside of the expectations from the past development. 4. The organizational culture is not inviting in as many new options for product development because of the stability of products that are already available. 1. The first opportunity is to begin working toward innovation through the organizational culture, allowing new options and development to be made available. 2. Ability to increase the capacity for creativity within the company, allowing new products to be developed. 3. More opportunities for employees to change their role while growing an alternative organizational culture. 4. Training and development that will lead to more of a return of investment. Stakeholder Perspectives and Ethical Dilemmas The stakeholder perspectives are currently standing in a strong position because Best Snack has been a leader in snacks for 150 years. This is combined with the strong standing which remains with the company in the curren t position. However, the danger is that the company is falling to other competitors. From the stakeholder perspective, this becomes a threat to getting a return on investment while having the same strength with the investments which they are making. To change this, communication, strategies and implementation to remain ahead of other competitors is required, specifically to begin changing the skills, innovations and products within the market. While Best Snack needs to incorporate the new innovations, the approach needs to be one which is low risk, specifically so stakeholders will continue to invest and see a profit margin. The ethical dilemmas which are associated with the current approach is based on the risks that are associated with the training, development and alterations with the current culture. Changing this too much or taking risks which are not consistent with the needs of the company can also lead to the wrong developments and initiatives and may create a lack of the ri ght approach and investment to the current status. Making sure there is an approach that is consistent and which validates the changes and initiatives will also ensure that stakeholders and others have the right response while being clear of the changes being made. Frame the Right Problem The problem with Best Snack is based on the lack of innovation which is currently with the company, specifically because of the longer period of time that the same products have

The UK travel and tourism sector Essay Example for Free

The UK travel and tourism sector Essay Inbound and Outbound Tourism Outbound tourism is when you leaving the UK to travel to another country for business or leisure. Outbound tour operator is organising holidays and provides a range of discount package deals, which you can combine with accommodation, transport to the destination and ground transport such as a transfer from the airport to the hotel. The two largest tour operators are Thomson and Thomas Cook Group. Outbound travel agents can give advice, sell and administer the booking for a number of different tour operators. 7000 travel agency has been estimated in the UK, some of these agencies have multiple branches while others are independent shops. Some online travel agencies operate only on the internet and have no physical outlet on the high street for example online agencies are Expedia, Ebookers, Travelocity and Opodo. Outbound Transport In the UK, there are varieties of ferry, rail and airlines organisations providing transport services to other countries. The Euro star is the outbound rail for the UK, it takes passengers to France (Paris and Lille) and Belgium (Brussels). Norfolk Line is the outbound ferry company in the UK, it take passengers from Dover to France. Supporting organisations- There are various supporting organisations that provide a regulation and promotion role for outbound tourism. Ancillary organisations- There are a variety of ancillary organisations that support outbound tourist, these include car hire and insurance companies. An example of ancillary organisation is providing travel insurance to outbound traveller can be found at GO, Columbus Direct and Direct- travel. Inbound tourism is when a foreign tourists coming in to the UK for business or leisure Inbound Tour operator- UK inbound tour operators can organise travel service for groups of inbound tourists. After the tourists have arrived by plane, these organisations can organise transfers, accommodations, tours, interaries, events and education for them. Coach  operators- Coach Operators are the first UK travel and tourism organisations used by a group of inbound tourists arriving in the UK by coach operators. They can provide a range of transport operations for inbound tourist ranging from simple airport to accommodation and transport to full tours around the UK.Many coaches provide DVD/video players, toilets, tea and coffee services. Supporting organisation- There are many supporting organisation that operate in Britain. For example, Meet England is the official body responsible for promoting England as meetings and events destinations, venue, and travel arrangements for those organising conferences. Ancillary organisations- As with domestics and outbound tourism, there are a variety of ancillary organisation which support inbound travel and tourism organisations, including car hire companies such as enterprise easy car and national.

Is Export oriented industrialization indispensable for economic growth

Is Export oriented industrialization indispensable for economic growth INTRODUCTION One of the key indicators, of economic development of a country, is its level of industrialization. That is, as many empirical investigations proved the main reason for increased divergence in living standards between the advanced countries and the developing countries is their level of industrialization. This being the fact, it is only after decolonization and end of world War II that, developing countries consciously adopted industrialization strategies for economic development purposes and as a solution, from their vulnerable dependence on export of few primary products and import of high valued manufactured goods (Brisbane, 1980). The low terms of trade in international market for primary goods from former colonies and the determination to get out of severe poverty and register sustained growth, were the main reasons for the diversification of the narrow structure of the colonial economy. Industrialization is beneficial for developing countries for many reasons including the following (i) it reduces their vulnerable dependence; (ii) it speeds up their economic growth process; (iii) it modernize the economy through spill over or externalities effects associated with industrialization, from advanced countries; (iv) create more employment for the vast population in rural agricultural sector and accelerate income growth which is used as a means to re-distribute income to the impoverished masses; and (v) generate more foreign currency through export which reduces balance of payment problems (Brisbane, 1980). As Brisbane explained, to industrialize, developing countries adopted import substitution strategies from about 1945 to the 1970s. Import substitution strategy is designed to produce few luxury consumer goods for domestic consumption behind a very high tariff wall. However, most countries which followed the import substitution strategy failed, to meet the goal of industrialization, while spectacular growth and development was reported from developing countries that pursued an export oriented strategy, in the 1970s. Defined simply, export-oriented Industrialization (EOI) often termed as export led industrialization (ELI) is a policy designed for the purpose of speeding up the industrialization process of a country through exporting goods for which the nation has a comparative advantage. This policy requires countries to open up their domestic market to foreign competition in return to getting access to international market. In order to promote EOI and ultimately economic development, complementary policies in relation to tariffs, trade, exchange rate, and others need to be adopted and employed. This paper will critically examine how export oriented industrialization is essential for economic growth in developing countries, if it can be backed up by appropriate policies on trade, industrial policy and exchange rate policy, geared for that purpose. The paper also argues that export oriented industrialization has its own drawbacks. Thus, the essay is structured as follows: In section 2, It the paper analyses the significance of policies on the functioning of EOI, particularly: trade policy, industrial policy and exchange rate policy that developing countries need to adopt and identifies areas where government intervention is needed to bring economic development. It then explains the drawbacks of export oriented industrialization, on export dependence countries, in Section 3. Then section 4, empirically examines how EOI contributes to economic development and the conclusions are presented in section 5. 2. Significance of Policies on EOI The role of complementary policies for effectiveness of export oriented industrialization is undeniable. This paper focuses mainly on how trade, industrial and exchange rate policies can support EOI policy. 2.1 Trade policy: Appropriate trade policy is one of the key tools used for effective of export oriented industrialization and for economic development, in general. That is, the better trade policy a country has, the better chance it has for industrial diversification, creating value added products and getting more income from export. Theoretical context: Even if, there has been little consensus on the relationship between trade and short- to medium -term economic growth-and even less on its role in long term economic development. The principle of comparative advantage, which prescribe countries to specialize as to their factor endowment, first described by David Ricardo, forms the theoretical basis for traditional trade theory and provides the rationale for free trade. The principle states that even if a country produced all goods more cheaply than other countries, it would benefit by specializing in the export of its relatively cheapest good (or the good in which it has a comparative advantage)(Murray Gibbs 2007, p. 10). And some classical economists believed that the principal base for this principle is the difference in factor endowments among countries determine the relative cost of production. However, this traditional theory from classical economists has been challenged as it doesnt explain well the actual trade patterns and as the theory has unrealistic assumptions, like perfect competition, full employment etc (Murray Gibbs 2007). In addition to the unrealistic assumptions, in real situations the theory favors advanced countries, and developing countries hardly benefit anything from it. The controversial Singer Prebisch thesis, also explained this situation by stating that it is the center that gets all the benefits of international trade while the periphery gets nothing, which opposes to the Ricardian Theory of Comparative Advantage. He argued: given the differences in the existing economic, productive and labor market structures between the periphery and the center (in the application of technology in traded goods and in the market structures; oligopoly vs. competitive) less-developed countries cannot benefit from international market, if they adopt comparative advan tage doctrine (Todaro and Smith 2009).This is because developing countries usually produce and export primary products which have lower terms of trade. And the scope for diversification is too narrow, and these conditions put developing countries to have vulnerable dependence on international market. Thus, unlike the classical economists static comparative advantage doctrine, dynamic comparative advantage is a better option for developing countries. This is because as more innovation, technology, capital, and other requirements for industrializations are met and as industrialization happens in developing countries, it will be easier to diversify their economic structure, as manufactured goods have better terms of trade than primary products. Skarstein (2007) in his paper Free Trade: A Dead End for Underdeveloped Economies,criticized the comparative advantage doctrine. He argued, what matters most in international trade is the absolute advantage that countries get out of it than a comparative advantage. And empirical evidences show that the doctrines of comparative advantage and free trade benefit the advanced countries only. This is mainly because the doctrines are likely to exclude international learning among countries. Particularly, the WTO agreement, Trade related intellectual property rights (TRIPS), which is a big challenge developing countries to acquire technology, skill and international learning from the rest of the world. He also argued, for a trade policy to function effectively, developing countries have to make sure that, this policy is well integrated with their industrial policy. And in addition to these, developing countries have to get support from advanced countries, through reduced import tariffs for goods from developing countries and by giving developing countries a chance to protect their industries and to get easy access to international market. He also stressed that, developing countries have to ensure that food security is maintained in their countries, as it keeps them safe from their foreign account, balance of payment problems as well. Thus, governments of developing countries have to protect agricultural production for consumption. Therefore, while designing policies, developing countries have to consider the dynamic comparative advantage or absolute advantage options. In addition to this, they also have to consider how their economic integration to the world economy should be in support of EOI. 2.2 Industrial policy: A proper industrial policy is also another important tool for effective export oriented industrialization, as a countrys industrialization depends on how individual domestic firms are protected. This is because, it is individual firms that innovate and harness technological change and compete in the world market (Suranovic, 2002). The basic policy component of industrial policy for developing countries is Infant industry protection. It is a necessary condition, because newly emerging firms in developing countries need some policy to help them grow strong and to safeguard them from intrusion of foreign firms in their market, that have a negative effect on their growth. Infant industries in developing countries can mainly be protected through import tariff mechanism, which reduce imports from the rest of the world and raises demand and production of domestic product. This protection enables the domestic firms to cover their higher production costs and to remain in business. Depending on the nature of the firm, infant industry protection strategy will help the domestic firms to produce efficiently and to be competent in international markets. However, in order to use the infant industry protection policy as a tool for export oriented industrialization, government of developing countries need to have reliable information about what industry to protect, how large the production tariffs need to be and over what period the tariffs will be reduced and eliminated. Because import tariffs have to be gradually reduced and eliminated, to increase efficiency of domestic firms. A complementary policy component to infant industry protection in export oriented industrialization is export promotion. This component stimulates export and allows the infant industry to have access to international market, while Infant industry protection policy allows the new domestic firm to grow strong. For industrial policy to be effective it has to be complemented by competition policy, as some regulations are required for the competition among domestic firms and simultaneously, as there is a need for policy to protect the domestic firms from intrusion of foreign firms in their market. A coherent execution of industrial policy requires a coordinated approach to trade policies. This is because trade policies are designed usually in accordance with a countrys trade negotiations, which include: policies related to investment, tariff, Intellectual property, and others. The effectiveness of tariffs as a tool for industrialization is also linked to the monetary policy framework within which it operates. When the capital account is liberalized control over exchange rates may be lost and the appreciation of exchange rates can obviously undermine export competitiveness and the impact of tariff protection (Murray Gibbs 2007, p. 19). 2.3. Exchange rate policy: The role of exchange rate policy in the success of export oriented industrialization strategy is undeniable. Exchange rate is a policy on the level of exchange rate of a countrys currency. The main challenge in formulating the exchange rate policy is in keeping balance between maintaining exchange rate stability and maintaining export price competitiveness, which requires devaluation. Devaluation increases the value of imports, while it gives options for exporters to choose either to reduce the prices of their products or to keep them as they are, to increase their profit margin. Thus, devaluation, at a cost of higher inflation, enables domestic industries to be competent internationally, by keeping the volume of import down and by raising the volume of export (domestic output) higher. The role of government in controlling inflation, to stabilize the economy is very essential, here. Thus, this phenomenon in addition to supporting the export oriented industrialization process it helps countries to improve their current account balance in Balance of payment problem (Jacob, Atta ; Keith R., Jefferis ; Ita, Mannathoko and Pelani, Siwawa-Ndai 2000) 3. Drawbacks of Export dependence A country is dependent on export, if export constitutes the largest portion of its gross domestic products. However, even if EOI strategy contributes for economic development, the extent to which this strategy is applied has to be considered for various reasons. To mention some of them, as dependency theorists argue: first, export dependent developing countries cause chaos on the long-term economic planning capacity of a nation-state (Barratt-Brown Prebisch) as these countries have little or no control over the market, to allow sustained economic growth through stable revenue. Second, Income from export is not a reliable source for economic development for developing countries. As many of the export oriented industrializations in these countries are owned by multinational corporations, and large portion of revenue from such sources are not repatriated, to be used for re-investment (Jaffee, 1985). 4. Empirical evidence: Skarstein, 2007 paper Free Trade: A Dead End for Underdeveloped Economies, showed the empirical evidences on EOIs contribution for miraculous economic development of the Asian tigers and the now developed countries. It mainly showed the relationship between economic development and effective implementation of infant industries protection policy and export promotion policy. In support of this, it is argued, that many people have argued that Infant industry protection was precisely the industrial development strategy that was pursued by countries like the US and Germany during their rapid industrial development before the turn of the 20th century. Both the US and Germany had high tariffs during their industrial revolution periods. These tariffs helped protect fledgling industries from competition with more efficient firms in Britain and may have been the necessary requirement to stimulate economic growth (Suranovic 2002) Bairoch also analyzed data and concluded that the different the effect of free trade on developed and developing countries is. In all the cases he analyzed, free trade has a positive effect on developed countries while it lets the least developed countries to suffer. He mentioned that United Kingdom registered its fastest growth during the period (1860 1880). In those cases he analyzed, how effective import tariffs for developing countries were in their economic development (Bairoch, 1972, p. 211). In his paper, Skarstein, illustrated, with detailed data how the East Asian tigers used industrialization policy for their economic development. That is: first by implementing a policy of protected import substitution and then, as their industries grow competent, by shifting their industrialization strategy to export oriented industrialization, with a slow reduction of import barriers for industrial good. And, at the same time, how implementing high import protection for their agriculture helped them to maintain food security and helped their success in industrialization The miraculous performance of the East and South East Asian countries during 1970s to 1990s cannot be analyzed without considering the connection between the export -oriented policies and economic growth. In the Newly Industrialized Economies from East and South East Asia, the general macroeconomic policies as well as selective export promotion policies facilitated the high export and economic growth. Following their path China and India also changed their policy stance in favor of export oriented policies and moved on the high growth trajectories. 5. Conclusions: In sum industrialization is a key process for developing countries for economic development. However, as many economists agree, the process of economic development is very complex, as it depends on large number of variables such as political system, socio economic structure, capital accumulation (both physical and human), trade, price fluctuations, and income distribution, and even more on geographical characteristics. As such, while export oriented industrialization contributes to economic growth, it is not necessarily indispensable to the growth and development of developing countries. As explained in this essay, EOI can be one of the key strategies to register economic growth. And in order for it to function effectively it has to be supported by appropriate components of the policy like: infant industry protection strategy, competition policy, export promotion strategy and others. More specifically, it requires well functioning and well integrated macroeconomic policies like: trade policy, industrial policy, exchange rate policy, investment policy, tariff policy and others. Government intervention also plays a key role in making the export oriented industrialization effective for economic development. Examined empirical evidences also reveal that Export-oriented Industrialization was particularly the characteristic of the economic development of the Asian Tigers: Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan and Singapore in the post World War II period . In addition to Asian Tigers, evidences also tell how EOI strategy contributed for the economic development of US, Germany and others, who are now in developed world category. However, though the role of export oriented industrialization in economic development is undeniable, countries have to also carefully consider its share in the gross domestic product, as larger export dependence has a negative effect on economic growth.

School Dicipline :: essays papers

School Dicipline With a closer look into our educational system, it is clear that students are causing more trouble in schools today because of the lack of discipline. Many Americans believe that zero tolerance and possibly corporal punishment are ridiculous and even to an extent, a form of abuse. In reality, these policies, if enforced properly, could be the solution to the growing discipline problems in our schools today. Already, there have been too many injuries and deaths of students in schools. Physical fighting and the possession of weapons in schools need to be banned and more seriously dealt with. Some people believe that strict zero tolerance policies and corporal punishment in schools would reinforce a fear of the consequences, which would bring the students to think a little harder before inflicting such irresponsible acts upon others. I am interested in this issue because I believe that greater discipline in schools will decrease the student violence and the growing crime rate. School dropout rates have been continuously increasing for a long time. This may be a result of innocent students being mentally and physically bullied in schools. I would like to see young teenagers enjoy their education and to leave high school with a firm foundation for college and soaring dreams for their futures. I am sure that all parents desire success and the best in everything for their children. I understand that students do not enjoy serving the consequences of discipline, but I do believe it is the best way to settle the matter of school violence and the student attitude problems towards teachers and other authorities. More discipline in schools may reduce the crime, violence, and vandalism in the schools so that the students can better focus on their schoolwork. Parents are concerned with their children graduating from school. If there is not enough discipline, it is possible that some students who want to learn and be educated, may be kept from schools due to the fear of violence they may face. I know that students will disagree with policies of stricter school policies concerning discipline, but I believe that greater discipline is a logical step in the right direction.

Poetic Diction in Shakespearean Tragedies Essay

Aristotle’s Poetics defines the nature of tragic drama, discusses the six essential elements of drama, states his opinion on the best type of tragic plot, and suggests the most effective means to arouse essential emotions such as pity and fear. He presents here the elaborate structure of justice of virtue rewarded and villain punished, broadly speaking the poetic justice. Now since in the finest kind of tragedy the structure should be complex and not simple, and since it should also be a representation of terrible and piteous events (that being the special mark of this type of imitation), in the first place, it is evident that good men ought not to be shown passing from prosperity to misfortune, for this does not inspire either pity or fear, but only revulsion; nor evil men rising from ill fortune to prosperity, for this is the most untragic plot of all—?it lacks every requirement, in that it neither elicits human sympathy nor stirs pity or fear. And again, neither should an extremely wicked man be seen falling from prosperity into misfortune, for a plot so constructed might indeed call forth human sympathy, but would not excite pity or fear, since the first is felt for a person whose misfortune is undeserved and the second for someone like ourselves—?pity for the man suffering undeservedly, fear for the man like ourselves—?and hence neither pity nor fear would be aroused in this case. We are left with the man whose place is between these extremes. Such is the man who on the one hand is not pre-eminent in virtue and justice, and yet on the other hand does not fall into misfortune through vice or depravity, but falls because of some mistake. By poetic justice means that the virtuous should be rewarded and the evil doer will be punished. It means that prosperity and adversity are distributed in proportion to the merits of the agents. Judging as such there is no poetic justice in Shakespeare’?s tragedies. Prosperity and adversity are not properly distributed in his tragedies. Such ‘poetic justice’ is in flagrant contradiction with the facts of life, and it is absent from Shakespeare’s tragic picture of life. Thus Dr. Johnson accuses that, in the plays of Shakespeare, especially in his tragedies there is a lack of poetic justice, that he sacrifices virtue to convenience, and that the major figures suffer more than they deserve because of their faults. The  punishment inflicted on them is disproportionate to their sins or wrongs. In actual life this sort of poetic justice is not possible. Shakespeare was a realist and therefore, poetic justice in its pure form is not present in his plays. In fact, Shakespeare mastered the knowledge of his time and stands out as the greatest interpreter of the ideals of Elizabethan Europe. There is no poetic justice in the deaths of Ophelia, Cordelia, Lear, Gloucestr, and Banguo. However, THERE IS POETIC JUSTICE IN THE DEATHS OF GONERIL, REGAN, ORNWALL, AND ADMUND. But the murder of lady Macduff and her children is most tragic unjust. In the same way, in hamlet, there is no poetic justice in so many deaths on stage. However, the deaths of hamlet’?s mother, his uncle, and even of Ophelia’?s father can be justified as coming under poetic justice. But the deaths of Hamlet and even of Ophelia’?s brother do not fall under poetic justice. Again King Lear illustrates in its close the conventional poetic justice that demands the triumph of the righteous cause and the downfall of the wicked. But there is not lacking that more subtle justice, so impressive in â€Å"?Lear†? because unaccompanied by the temporal reward of the good, which reveals itself in the subduing of character to what it works in. Far more terrible than the defeat and death of Macbeth is the picture of the degradation of his nature, when he appears in the scene before the battle like a beast at bay. Hamlet gears up to be a traditional bloody revenge play –? and then it stops. The bulk of the play deals not with Hamlet’?s ultimately successful vengeance on his father’?s murderer, but on Hamlet’?s inner struggle to take action. The play’?s conclusion has a typical amount of gore, but Hamlet is certainly not a typical revenge tragedy. Hamlet talks about revenge as a worthy goal, but his mysterious delay hints that he may actually feel otherwise. The validity –? or the usefulness –? of revenge itself is thrown into question by the play.

Advantage of Semester System Essay

1. The greatest advantage of this system is that it reduces the load on the studentsand Inculcates regular study habits. 2. Since academic year is divided into 2 semesters it provides upward mobility – the Student can clear the backlog in one or many subjects even after moving to the next semester. 3. Best part is that it enables the students to learn at their own pace. 4. Well if you compare it to an annual system, it keeps students busy all year round with the same level of burden instead of the piling up of work at the end of the year. 5. In semester system, Student all time attach with study. Studies which is good for the Students. 6. The main advantage of semester system. Student busy all the year. He know, If he Does not study, he will fail. >> Easy learning >> Attach with studies. >> Remain in class>> No absence. >> Grip on knowledge. >> Respect of teachers increases. >> Scheduled work plan. Disadvantage of Semester SystemAs a disadvantage of the Semester system, I would point out the lack of recovery that students can make due to limited time, in comparison to Annual systems. Time is too short in Semester system. Students don’t understand many chapters. Today the topic under discussion is the topic which is being frequently discussed by us since the Karnataka University introduced the semester scheme for the degree courses. I strongly believe that semester scheme is extremely beneficial for the students. It is a sign that we are marching towards the development because almost all the developed countries have adopted the semester scheme which means this system must be having some unique qualities which are favorable for the students. First of all, the semester based method makes teaching and learning more scientific. It is good for the students as the syllabus is broken up into units that are to be learnt in a specific time frame. Moreover, as testing and evaluation are done in a continuous manner student can be sure of a more realistic assessment of their academic capabilities than what is done in the annual scheme. The actual process of learning is also more methodical in this scheme. Each topic to be covered in the syllabus is allotted a learning time. The student learns not just by taking down notes during a lecture, but he has to do self study; visiting the library, browsing the net and preparing for seminars and presentations. This results in comprehensive learning of the topic at hand. Many British universities tried changing from the three terms per year system to the American semester system of two sessions per year, in the 1990’s. Some changed but found the system unworkable and returned to the original British system from 2002 onwards. It seems that there are difficulties with semesters, for British universities, and disadvantages for both universities and students. In Britain, changing over to the semester arrangement of the academic year was coupled with changing to modular degrees. Huddersfield University was the first university in Britain to change to the semester system, but returned to the three-term year in 2003. Glamorgan University also returned from two fifteen-week semesters to the traditional three-term year in 2003. Some British universities, including Kingston University (Surrey), have a hybrid semester system and modular degrees. They have a three-term year but teaching is divided into two semesters running from September to July. . The semester system has certain disadvantages both for universities and for students. Most Universities introduced the semester system to accommodate the modular degree and this was difficult for both academics and students. The two systems were introduced together, as part of the scheme to expand higher education. Modular systems work on a credit system, each module counting for credit towards the student’s final degree. University teaching and learning is very different in Britain, to some other countries. In Britain, students have responsibility for their own learning, and tutors and lecturers do not control or lead students to knowledge but rather suggest where they might look to find that knowledge. British undergraduates do much more self-directed and independent study and reading, than in other countries. Students are they expected to think things through and come to their own conclusions and then to explain those conclusions, backing their conclusions with logical reasoning based on the facts. Simply regurgitating the facts that you tutor has taught on the course will not earn a British university degree. Lecturers and tutors do not tell students how to learn, or think and university learning in Britain is more than being force fed facts. Hence, in the United Kingdom, a student reads for a degree. The semester and modular system, therefore, caused academics some problems. Academics felt that the modular/semester system meant that students were sitting too many examinations,simply to complete a module rather than as a necessary part of the learning process. For some subject areas, they also felt that modular learning encouraged compartmentalization of knowledge, rather than applying new knowledge to the subject as a whole, and that it discouraged lateral thinking. In other subject areas, they felt that the modular/semester system only allowed a surface knowledge of a particular topic area, whereas year-long study allowed both in-depth study and the necessary reflection and thinking that the subject requires.

External and Internal factors at Sony Ericsson Essay

Sony Ericsson In 2001 telecommunications leader Ericsson and the Sony Corporation joined forces to establish Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications. Because of this joint venture, Sony Ericsson recognized sales of over seven billion dollars in the first year. This was mainly because the combined mobile phone business company now offered a range of mobile communication products that went far beyond the simple mobile phone technology of its time. Marketing Marketing, more than any other business function, deals with customers. Creating customer value and satisfaction is at the very heart of modern marketing. Marketing is the delivery of customer satisfaction at a profit. Sound marketing is critical to the success of every organization–large or small, for profit or non-profit, domestic or global. Large for-profit firms such as Sony use marketing. This is where globalization, technology, and ethics come into play. Global Marketing The world is shrinking rapidly with the advent of faster communication, transportation, and financial flows. Products developed in one country are finding enthusiastic acceptance in other countries. In fact, international trade is booming. Since 1969, the number of multinational corporations in the world’s fourteen richest countries has more than tripled. According to Business Week, written by Gail Edmondson, â€Å"many U.S. companies have long been successful at international marketing: Coca-Cola, McDonald’s, IBM, Xerox, Corning, Gillette, Colgate, General Electric, Caterpillar, Ford, Kodak, 3M, Boeing, and dozens of other American firms have made the world their market. And in the United States, names such as Sony, Toyota, Norelco, and Mercedes have become household words† (Edmondson, G., 2000). Globalization has become the increasing tendency of the world to act as one market. Technological advances in travel and communications are the driving  force behind market globalization. For instance, new communication technologies, such as the ones offered by Sony Ericsson, allow people and/or teams from all over the world to work on projects and share information without leaving their desks. At the same time, advanced technologies allow manufacturers to produce their goods in foreign locations that offer an abundant supply of low-cost labor (Mescon, M, Courtland, B., & Thill, J., 1999) Innovation Companies today need to take advantage of their innovative capabilities to develop new businesses. Without exploiting the potential idea of innovation, companies will not be prepared for the effects of new technology, demanding customers and globalization. To keep up with the fast-paced world of mobile communications technology, Sony Ericsson will need to combine telecommunication solutions with proven entertainment technology to be considered the forefront of telecommunication innovation. However, there are difficult challenges that Sony Ericsson must go through to bring to the market a stream of improved products and services that enable the business to achieve higher profits. Incorporating innovative ideas and new technologies is the key for a successful business to compete effectively in the global environment. In the past year, Sony Ericsson has launched groundbreaking products for their mobile technology. The success of the company comes from the distinction of other companies in terms of design, imaging, and applications. With a unique combination of Sony’s digital imaging and Ericsson’s mobile platform, Sony Ericsson seems to have the upper hand in coming out with the latest technology to meet consumer demand. With any advancements of innovation, design is a key step to initiate any innovative ideas. Sony Ericsson takes pride in their industrial designers because of the importance to impress consumers with never-before-seen looks and groundbreaking technology. From the birth of an idea to the launch of the product, Sony Ericsson’s  designers monitor the progress of the product systematically, making sure the innovative idea keeps its shape and stays new. Designers will also need to keep a close eye on any changing trends in the mobile communication market as they can inspire as well as influence the elements of innovative design. Sony Ericsson continues to innovate in design and newly launched products to strengthen its reputation as a design leader. In addition, the company strives to be a cutting edge provider of applications, creating partnerships with software developers and content providers to meet everyday consumer demand. Technologies Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications offers services globally to a communication market with high end, state-of-the-art mobile phone equipment, accessories, PC-cards, and M2M (Machine-to-Machine) technology. Our computer era is about making people more productive in the working environment. It is a technology that is geared to help people interact with other people through the aid of always on computers, communication, and powerful high bandwidth. The M2M communications technology is going to be different in the sense that it will allow electronic devices to interact with people and other devices. This will not require as big a bandwidth as computers use now days. This technology features higher reliability and efficiency, and it also enables users to remotely access and manage other array of equipment without having to move around or keeping a technical staff. This type of technology is presently being used by Sony Ericsson and is evolving rapidly particularly in the area of wireless equipment. M2M is also used for business applications such as: Security and emergency response Mission-critical uptime Optimized logistics Management resources Mobility and collaboration Personalization and customization Another of the latest popular technologies is called Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA). This is a technology for wideband digital radio communications of Internet, multimedia, video and other capacity-demanding applications. WCDMA is the dominating 3G (3rd. Generation) technology, providing higher capacity for voice and data and higher data rates. WCDMA uses a new spectrum with a 5 MHz carrier, providing 50 times higher data rate than in present GSM networks (and 10 times higher data rate than in GPRS networks) WCDMA handles up to 2 Mbps for local area access or 384 Kbps for wide area access. A coming release will include enhancements up to more than 10 Mbps. WCDMA is also known as UMTS and has been adopted as a standard by the ITU under the name IMT-2000 direct spread (Ericsson, 2004). Multimedia Messaging Service technology is another feature found in many Sony Ericsson’s communication devices of today. This feature enables users to send/receive multimedia messaging. MMS technology applies to communication applications, information, and entertainment. Because of the nature of the applications, MMS is especially helpful because it is designed for time critical situations, such as sport and other breaking news, alerts, stock market developments, etc. MMS also optimizes video images, video and audio signals in real time. Ethics In order to understand how Sony Ericsson Industries became a company gripped  in ethical and social responsibility, one must first look at its history and mission. In an article on the World Wide Web, â€Å"A Study of Smart phones† it talks about some of the history of Ericsson. Back in June of 1998, Ericsson made Symbian a privately independent company. Ericsson had one mission and that was, â€Å"To provide solutions to communication needs† (Ericsson, 2004). Ericsson made an ethical decision and commitment to the diversified customer base to always provide the end user with user friendly, expedient, business savvy computer compatible phones that severed and performed a wide variety of uses. That mission statement and ethical commitment grew, as did the Symbian coalition, which eventually included companies such as Matsushita, Motorola, Nokia, and Psion’s. With this new collaboration of world leading communication players came the new mission, which was, â€Å"To set the standard for mobile wireless operating systems and to enable a mass market for wireless information devices† (Grey Matter India, 2004). In 1998, Sony Ericsson had implemented the objective mission into the organization. In 2001, another mission was reborn. This mission statement focus was on the needs and wants of the consumer that included and embraced the ethics and the social responsibilities in present day. In 2001, the headlines stated â€Å"Welcome to Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications.† Then in October of 2001, Sony published on its website its new mission, which was â€Å"Our mission is to establish Sony Ericsson as the most attractive and innovative global brand in the mobile handset industry† (Ericsson, 2004). They went on to publish there social responsibility statement, which stated, â€Å"It is Sony Ericsson’s policy to behave in a socially and ethically exemplary way and to operate business in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations. Sony Ericsson believes in respect for human rights and in the ethical treatment of all employees† (Ericsson, 2004). The Joint Venture Whether a company is small or large, there comes a time when a company needs to shift the way the company is managed. Large companies, such as Sony Ericsson, have been using self-directed work teams for years to improve quality, increase productivity, raise morale, lower costs, and boost  motivation. A self-directed work team is a group of workers from different functional areas of a company who work together as a unit largely without supervision, making decisions, and performing task that once belonged only to managers. However, it is important to note, that managers in companies using teams, such as Sony Ericsson, do not just sit around drinking coffee. In fact, they work just as hard as before, but the nature of their work changes dramatically. â€Å"Managers at Sony Ericsson take on roles of coaches who empower those around them to make decisions affecting their work and share information with workers. As facilitators, their job is to support and to serve the teams functioning in the organization and to make sure they produce results† (Ericsson, 2004). References Edmondson, G. (2000, August 28). See the world, erase its borders. Business Week, pp. 113-114. Ericsson. (2004). About Ericsson. Retrieved February 20, 2005 from the World Wide Web: http://www.ericsson.com/about/ Ericsson. (2004). Technologies. WCDMA. Retrieved February 20, 2005 from the World Wide Web: http://www.ericsson.com/technology/ Gray Matter India. (2004). Smartphones. White Paper, pg. 8. Retrieved February 21, 2005 from the World Wide Web: www.greymatterindia.com/downloads/Whitepaper_Rise%20_of_Smartphones.pdf. Mescon, M., Courtland, B., Thill, J. (1999). Business Today, 203. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall