Observation Toddler

The name of the child that is being observed is Rachael. She is a female toddler who weighs 26 pounds and is 32 ? inches tall. According to biosocial development most children, by 24 months, weigh almost 30 pounds and are between 32 and 36 inches tall. According to the data of the United States, Rachael weight of 28 pounds lands between the 10th and the 50th girls percentiles, which are 22 ? pounds and 26 ? pounds. Her height of 32 ? is in the 10th girls percentiles. Her skin tone is dark and her hair long curly brown she is Spanish and causasion mix. Rachael and her eight year old sister were sitting on at the kitchen table when I came in. They both were having lunch, sandwich with turkey and cheese, raw carrot, chips and juice. Rachael’s mother told the girls after wash their hands; they can go out in the backyard to play. Rachael was excited and told her, â€Å"Play mommy†. As I watched Rachael wash her little had it looked like she loved the warm water and soap on her hands. She looked at me and smiled, and I winked at her with approval. Smiling is an emotional development which falls in biosocial and psychosocial development. Rachael dried her hands and rushed outside to play in the backyard. The first thing she did was get on her electric Barbie truck. Using her fine motor skills, she was able to manver it without any help, as her was grinded one hand on the wheel she waved to her mother. Hi mommy! Her older sister saw playing with a ball and started to bounce it. Rachel, stop her truck and jumped out and ran to her said and told her, no that’s mine and had gripped the ball and walked away. She then started to use her gross motor skills, she had bounced the ball as her sister did and then was hitting it with her hand. She then walked up to her sister and said, â€Å"Here ball† the emotional was a smile. Her social interaction is of her beginning to acknowledge sharing with others. She then went to pick up a toy and throw it and her Mother told her in a claim voice Rachael please does not throw the toy. She just looked at her Mom and just started running around chasing her sister. She was laughing and at one point started to crawl on the ground and rolling in the grass again using her gross motor skills. There was a little play structure and she climb the latter another motor skill in the biosocial development and in which context and culture are crucial for acquisition of this skill. Rachael used her sensor motor skills and memory skills today. Her social interaction I observed was positive which I saw in her playing and communication. In receptive vs. expressive language skills, she seemed to receive when spoken. Though at this age, language is a leading cognitive accomplishment. By doing this observation, I had learned that it’s much easier to understand children and their development by observing their unique ways.

Performance Management System Essay

Purposes: – * It will be linked on performance, be a fair and transparent system * Rewarding the employees for their contribution to the growth of the organization in alignment with the strategic organizational goals * Rewarding their achievements as well as their contribution to their teams * Motivating individuals by indicating their position in the organization structure. * Motivate the employees in order to increase their efficiency * Foster a healthy employment relationship and commitment. Use – This system will be a vital component of the performance appraisal process as it will interpret the evaluation of the entire process and route the end result to a more meaningful conclusion for the appraise and the appraiser. It system will be used to build trust in the employee that diligence, perseverance and hard work is acknowledged and rewarded by the organization. This will ensure the best of the employees to come up and contribute to the overall growth of the organization. Frequency – Annually, March – April every year after the initial stages of performance appraisal process have concluded. Responsibility- The appraiser will have the authority to recommend the appraiser for the incentives and rewards. This will be further evaluated by the concerned the Head HR of the project and then of the Unit and approved. Format – Reward System will consist of financial as well as non-financial incentives. 1) Financial Incentives a. Merit and performance based incentives It is a tangible form of recognition and motivates employees to achieve more in the tryst of achieving and producing worthwhile results. Based upon the bracket to where the employee scores on the final evaluation of the performance appraisal system, the employee can be rewarded performance incentives in the following way – Rating| Incentive – Salary hike| Excellent(5)| + 20 % raise in the salary| Very Good(4)| +15% raise in the salary| Good (3)| +10 % raise in the salary| Average (2)| +5 % raise in the salary| Poor(1)| NA| The rating will be based on the objective scores of the final evaluation based on statistical calculation and the range of these will be defined precisely and clearly. A. Team based incentives * The team successfully completing the project before the deadline, * complying with the business standards of the organization, * fulfilling all the contractual obligations and expectations of the client * Providing a innovative solution that surpasses the stated expectations of the client Will ensure a 5 % hike in the salary of the team members known as Team Bonus. For every successful implementation of the project by the team on the client end, the team will be eligible of additional 7% profit share generated by the project implementation. This incentive will be disbursed among the team equitably. B. Competency and skill based incentives This component will reward those employees which showcase exceptional level of competencies inclusive of the behaviours and attribute of the appraise and the KSAs for their job level i.e. knowledge of the domain working in, interpersonal skills of the individual, team management skills and other defined competencies important for the job level. The reward will be +2% raise for each competency in which the employee is exceptionally outstanding. 2. Non-Financial incentives – A. Publication of achievements in the online journal of the organization Achievements of the employees for developing an innovative solution, path breaking discoveries will be published in the online journal of the organization. B. Inclusion in the hall of fame The employees will be included in the Hall of Fame for doing research and publishing their findings in the International Journals of high recognition. C. Best Team player award of the month This award will be nominated by the team members and recommended by the Team Lead and if the condition exists that no one is eligible for it in a particular month then it can be omitted too for that month. It will be published on the online portal of the company and will include an exclusive company sponsored dinner for the employee and his/her family. An employee can receive this award a maximum of 4 times a year only. D. Best Team player award of the year This award will be based on the overall feedback of all the employees based on the comprehensive performance appraisal report. Every team can recommend maximum of 2 members for this award. The review committee constituted for every location will further evaluate the contenders for the position and based on these parameters the award will be given. The other incentive related with this award will be 3 day – 4 night company sponsored holiday for the employee and spouse. E. Star team of the year This award will be based on the targets achieved by the team, compliance with the standards set by the organization, timeliness, team cohesiveness (which will be inferred from the performance appraisal of all the members of the team) and based on the recommendation of the DC Project Head. A star team will get an additional bonus of 5 % for that year. Performance Improvement Plan (PIP) The Performance Improvement Plan – (PIP) is designed to facilitate constructive discussion between the appraisee and appraiser and to clarify work performance to be improved. It is implemented at the discretion of the appraiser. Once the appraisee has developed the plan, the document is reviewed by the appraiser to determine if the activities outlined will help the employee to attain the desired level of performance. The supervisor will monitor and provide feedback to the employee regarding their performance and may take additional disciplinary action, if warranted. The below form needs to be filled by the appraisee during the Performance Appraisal Process: Performance to be improved| The employee lists the activities they will initiate to improve performance – including skills to be improved and changes made to meet work performance expectations. (List short and long term goals to be accomplished as applicable.)| Targeted date for improvement – by when?| Expected results| Dates reviewed by employee and supervisor| | | | | | The appraiser should jointly review the form above and the following 6 items needs to be answered with the appraisee when using the document. 1. State performance to be improved (be specific and cite examples). 2. State the level of work performance expectation and that it must be performed on a consistent basis. 3. Specify the support/resources you will provide to assist the employee. 4. Communicate your plan for providing feedback to the employee (meetings, with whom and how often). 5. Specify possible consequences if performance standards are not met. Potential Appraisal Please complete the following Appraisal of Potential for your employee. This Appraisal concentrates on other types of tasks, or other greater responsibility the employee is capable of doing, and in what direction their personal interests lead them. * In your opinion, what skills, knowledge talent, qualities should be developed or strengthened? Please be specific. * What is he/she personally doing to become more proficient in his/her assignment, and to prepare for more responsibility? * What are your plans and recommendations for a development program for this employee? Be specific. * What do you see as this employee’s next step positions? * What specific performance results were achieved during this review period (include all quantitative measures)? * Indicate major performance results achieved in the supervision of others. Include such items as staffing, delegating, motivating, resolving conflict, and development of staff. * Describe how well performance results were achieved compared to position  standards and specific performance requirements. * Comment on the methods and approach used by the employee in performing the job. Rate the employee on the following characteristics or how does the employee fair on following behavioural characteristics: * Decision making * Independent * Confidence towards the job * Handling stress and pressure * Inter-personal skills, both with superiors and subordinates * Leadership, motivating and conflict handling

A Study Of Mansa Musa, The Wealthy King From Mali

A Study Of Mansa Musa, The Wealthy King From Mali Mansa Musa and the Kingdom Of Mali Mansa Musa is said to be one of the richest kings to have ever lived and his kingdom of Mali was a grand empire. But what made both Mansa Musa and Mali so prosperous and grand? And why if that was the case is it not held in the same regards as say Egypt? Using primary sources I plan to investigate and discuss Mali’s economic and social background, the history of Mali and why it isn’t considered to be on the same scale as Egypt is held to. The goal is for the reader to get an idea of what circumstances and actions allowed for Mali to prosper. To do this I will first go over the agricultural and environmental makeup of the Empire of Mali, then discuss briefly its history before and after Mansa Musa including the fall of Mali. After that I will provide my own opinion as to why Mali is not held in the same regards as Egypt, which will conclude this paper. Firstly it is important to understand the environmental and agricultural state of the ancient empire of Mali. The empire itself was massive, encompassing parts of modern day Burkina, Niger, Senegal, Guinea. The fact that that Mali was so expansive is one of the reasons Mali was so prosperous. In the book The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800 Christopher Ehret described the kingdom of Mali as having good amount of diversity when it came to its landscapes and environments. This included the desert Sahara to the north and the wild rich jungles to the south. (Ehret, 2002.) Because of this environmental diversity they had a number of different goods that they could trade not only within their own empire, but with other states as well. These goods included agricultural items such as kola nuts and shea butter. But they also traded manufactured goods such as textiles and metal goods, especially gold which was found in numerous amounts in Mali. (Ehret, 2002.) This would not have been possible though if it weren’t for the merchants running these trades. Mali absorbed several of its neighboring states and its people into the empire, mostly thanks to Sundiata and his desperados who I will discuss later, and this massive number of people led to consequences that would later make Mali a prime trader center in Africa, and this was only helped later by Mansa Musa. For example there were several different people leaving within Mali, these include the Soninke and Jakhanke, just to name a few. Merchants from these respective people would create juulas, which were trading firms set up throughout Mali. And things were made easy when they took certain portions of Mali to trade in. For example the Soninke focused more on north on the fringes of the Sahara for their trading and then expanded eastward towards the Sahel Valley at a later point in time. The Jakhanke meanwhile spread commercially west towards what are now the regions of Gambia and Se negal. (Ehret, 2002.) As I stated before this economic boom that took place in Mali could not have happened if it was not for both Sundiata and Mansa Musa. Sundiata made it so Mali existed and Mansa Musa brought in more trade thanks to his pilgrimage which attracted merchants from all over to Mali. And while Mansa Musa is considered to be on the richest and greatest kings of history, I believe it is important to look at who came before him, and made it so both Mansa Musa and Ancient Mali could prosper for years to come. What were the conditions or beginnings of Mali’s greatness? That all starts with Sundiata, who paved the way for Mali’s greatness and his own grandson’s greatness as well. Sundiata was the youngest of 12 children and he came from the Mandingo people of the time. (Bovill, 1995.). While his family was killed he was allowed to live because he was very ill and the attackers believed he would not survive. But he did, and he grew to become the Mari Jata and national hero of the Mandingo people. He became the first king or Mansa of Mali, and was a driving force in expanding its borders. Ibn Khaldun, a great historian was there when all of this was occurring and he himself stated â€Å"Their greatest king who overcame the Soso, conquered their country and seized power from the hands was the Mari Dhata†¦He ruled for twenty five years.† (Levtzion, pg. 66. 1973) Yet while hailed as the greatest king and national hero, he was not well liked by his people and so to keep the peace he hired desperados to aid him. With the help of said desperados, he quieted his people and took to expanding Mali’s boarders. Sundiata was a great warrior and tactician never having lost a battle if he was in one. (Bovill, 1995.) With his actions and what would seem to be tireless effort, he expanded Mali’s borders which allowed for a diversity of environments and agricultural items that could also be traded as discussed above. These agricultural goods could also be used to make manufactured goods. With help from his grandson, Mansa Musa, nearly 100 years later it lead Mali to a sort of economic and trading boom. (Levtzion, 1973). These two hand in hand basically made Mali what it was, even though they were so far apart. I believe it is important to pause and discuss these factors. Thanks to Sundiata not only did Mali have a great army and a powerful one at that, but thanks to him Mali’s prosperous future had already begun to take shape. The army was there to not only protect Mali’s numerous citizens, but also what the land had to offer as a whole. I believe it is safe to infer that without Sundiata doing what he did and being so successful at it, who knows how Mali would have worked. His conquest allowed for a backbone in which Mali could grow and thrive. But it would also seem to give Mali this sort of air that they indeed an empire to be reckoned with. It is also important to note the idea of image and keep in mind both Sundiata and Mali’s image which I will discuss later in this paper. Nearly a 100 years passed between when Sundiata ruled and when Mansa Musa took to the throne. And in those 100 years no king was able to reach the godlike status Sundiata had held. Mansa Musa though considered to be a great king did not reach this status either. But he is a favorite of Muslim, Oriental and Sudanese writers. (Levtzion, 1973.) That did not happen until Mansa Musa took the throne. He is famously known for his pilgrimage to Mecca and the spectacle that surrounded him. Bovill discussed the very spectacle in his book, â€Å"The spectacular scale on which it was conducted caused such a sensation in Cairo and other places which witnessed the passage of his splendid caravan, that the name of the Mandingo monarch quickly became familiar throughout a large part of the civilized world.† (Bovill, pg. 86, para 3) His fame even stretched as far as Europe and the Middle East as well. He alone showed Mali’s opulence to the world around him, and it was quite impressive. Mansa Musa began his Hadj sometime in 1324, which was the seventh year of his reign, after taking the throne in 1307. It is known that he passed through Walata and Tuat, but it is unknown which way he took to get to Cairo. (Bovill, 1995.) Though Bovill states a theory as to which way he’d gone, saying â€Å"It was probably through Wargla and thence to the coast of the Syrtes which would have given merchants from many parts of Europe trading with Africa an opportunity to witness his splendor†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Bovill, pg. 87, 1995.) While on his travels, he and his entourage apparently were a sight to behold. He rode on horseback, and had 500 slaves walking in front of him and each of them carried a staff of hold that weighed 1/8th of gold. (Bovill, 1995.) Mansa Musa is also described as being of â€Å"pale complexion, variously described as red or yellow.† (Bovill, pg. 87. 1995.) This contributed to his notoriety, since he was considered to be a Negro king, and yet he did not look like one considering he did not have dark skin, which was typical of Negro kings. He was known for his piety and generosity, and seemed to hand out gold every chance he had. (Bovill, 1995.) In fact so much gold was handed out that in Cairo years after Mansa Musa had passed through and completed his travels gold had become devalued in Cairo. (Bovill, 1995.) This is a good example of just how kind Mansa Musa to everyone, even if they were not from Mali or Muslim. A good example of Mansa Musa’s generosity is when a merchant from Alexandria joined his caravan and traveled with him back to Sudan, though unfortunately the merchant died. Mansa Musa, being the generous and noble king who keeps his promises, paid the man’s heirs in full. (Bovill, 1995.). His kindness in returned allowed for others to take care of him when running low on funds and Mansa Musa promised to pay back his loan once he returned to his kingdom. (Bovill, 1995.) In fact it was due to Mansa Musa’s hadj that trade increased and boomed within Mali. (Bovill, 1995.) The world now knew that Mali was a hub for an important item and that was gold. So simply by traveling and showering people with gold enough interest was drummed up to increase Mali’s trade, which in itself is quite an amazing feat, but really that nothing less should be expected from Mali’s greatest king. Unfortunately after Mansa Musa’s death, things once again fell into a sort of disarray, the same which occurred after Sundiata’s death. Mansa Musa’s son Maghan took the throne, though he was only there for four years. During his reign the city of Timbuktu was seized and burned to the ground, and the two princes who had been captured by his father were released and moved to recapture their city from Mali’s grip. Maghan died after only four years, and it is suspected that he was disposed of by his uncle Sulymon, who is also Mansa Musa’s brother. He was the one originally entitled to the throne after Mansa Musa’s death, but he was denied that when Maghan took the throne. (Levtzion, 1973.) Unlike his brother Sulymon was not well liked, in fact he was hated, â€Å"because of his parsimony in contrast to the generosity of his brother Mansa Musa.† (Levtzion, pg. 66. 1973.) After his death the two kings after him had short reigns, his son lasting for only four months and the one after that lasting for a considerable longer time of 14 years. (Levtzion, 1973) But during this time civil war broke out and this troubled period marked the decline of Mali. The throne was often bickered over by descents of Sundiata and Mansa Musa, where it switched off periodically. Finally one of the last kings was simply known as Mari Djata, son of Maghan and grandson to Mansa Musa. But he was considered to be â€Å"the wicked ruler they had, because of the punishment, tyranny and corruption he imposed upon them†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Levtzion, pg. 68. 1973.), them referring to his people. After him Mali went through a few more kings, but it was no longer the great empire that it had once been a nd was left in a state of disrepair. Now that I have laid out all the information, I will now discuss my own theory as to why Mali is not held in as high regards as Egypt, and I will do this by discussing Mali’s image, race, leaders and history. First Mali’s image, became well known in ancient times. This by itself is by the image that its leaders managed to show. Here we have Sundiata who is a great general and furious fighter. He protected his country and insured that not only his family, but his people had something that they could build and grow on. Then we have Mansa Musa, who in many ways is Sundiata’s exact opposite, and he brought the necessary people to build up Mali’s trade and economics. In Mali’s defense of image it had to great leaders. And if we are to compare that our own time that is a very important part of a country or empire’s image. Think of Egypt and the first pharaoh that comes to mind is either Radames or King Tut. One is known for being a truly great and powerful pharaoh of his time. And the other is known for the tomb that was discovered well after his death. But the idea of image can easily constitute how people view a place and how it is upheld. So in this regard I feel like Egypt and Mali are very similar. And yet its kings don’t seem to be held at the same regard as say the kings of Egypt. And one must ask why that is the case. For me, after researching and reading comes down to one thing and that is race. Mali is considered to be a Negro or Black kingdom, unlike Egypt which often isn’t considered one. The fact that Mali is a Negro empire is why it isn’t held in higher regard. Even the past Negro kingdoms were looked down by quite a few people The fact that Mansa Musa was black was a surprise to everyone who saw him even. Here was a man with great wealth and power and he was black. But we also have firsthand accounts of how some viewed blacks, for example Ibn Battuta who was not impressed by Blacks and in fact refused to write about them or visit their kingdom. (Bovill, 1973.) Race still plays a big part in who tells what stories as far as history is concerned. Even till this day it is grudgingly admitted that Mansa Musa was one of the richest and most well-known kings of history. And that is because he is considered to be Negro or black. This is of course in great contrast to say Egypt, where we don’t exactly know how the Egyptians looked. Though it is theorized and even I believe that Egypt itself was racially diverse not everyone thinks along these same lines and ideals. All we need to do is look at Black Athena Writes Back, a book that suggests that Blacks were the ones who had influence on Greeks and Phoenicians, and many sought a way to discredit said idea. (Bernal, 2001.) But throughout history Europe and other countries have wanted to grab Egypt for its opulence, history and what they left behind. And many people did not want to think the rulers of Egypt were black or people of color. There are whole arguments that try and prove that. I think a great example of how prevailing this thought is, of Egypt not being a part of Africa but more a part of the western and European world is the movie Gods of Egypt which has recently come out, which showed Egyptian pharaohs, gods and people as being of all European descent, which I don’t think is all that accurate to how Egypt was in the past. Now yes, this is a fantasy movie, but I think it’s still important to bring up the fact that is still a sort of prevailing issue. History has a habit of shutting down anything that lifts up black people. From history blacks have always been seen as inferior in the eyes of other. And to suddenly put an African kingdom to the same opulence of Egypt would shake up the status quo that has been set up by past historians. Africa has been denied its opulence unless it is Egypt, and everyone ese tries to claim that. So it is no wonder that we don’t hear much about Mali or Mansa Musa when we are schooled. And really look at why. We have a black man who is a great and successful leader. He is kind, generous and rich. That in itself would be a great story to inspire anyone who reads about him, especially for example black youth. We live in a world where we cannot see ourselves in the media and are always being criticized for being who we are. Enslaved and discriminated against, race is still a huge issue. And if Mali were held in the same regards of Egypt, well that would mean the norm and prevalent idea and though t that Africa as a whole is not advanced or had these great kingdoms would be shattered. But that isn’t the case and it should be noted that there is more to Africa than just Egypt. Another inference one could make as well is time. Egypt’s Kingdom lasted for almost 1,000 years. That is a long time for one kingdom in a world that is always changing and shifting, there were three major eras and three intermediate periods. Egypt had time to grow and the fact that this one kingdom lasted for so long just helps to show that Egypt is something that the world should know about and why it’s held in such high regards. Mali unfortunately does not have that. For after Mansa Musa, the empire went into decline as stated above. The empire itself lasted only about 300 years, and can be counted within four generations thanks to the likes of Ibn Khaldun. (Levtzion, 1973.) But that is fair. Empires rise and fall. That is how they work. Even Ancient Egypt fell after nearly 1, 000 years, and this includes once it was taken over by Greece in its later years. But those 1,000 years allowed for Egypt to be put upon a pedestal that Mali simply cannot reach. Not to mention unlike Egypt where there was a rise and fall of ups and downs, Mali seemed to suffer negatively. As stated above Sundiata and Mansa Musa uplifted and improved the empire. But in-between those, the other kings did nothing to reach the status of previous kings. And more often than not there was infighting, bickering and more often death. This in itself is a third reason. Mali to some may seem like it failed being an empire all together. Out of all of its rulers only two seemed to truly keep the empire stable and improve upon it. And I don’t think that is a fair assumption to make. Like I stated above, empires rise and fall. And just because Mali fell and had a run of inopportune leaders does not mean that it was an overall failure. Egypt can be put into this same category, since it to fell. But it does not mean it was a failure. Each kingdom was successful in its own ways. Egypt had success in trade, in building landmarks that still stand to this day. And while Mali lost Timbuktu it was there. They were a center of gold, and spread it throughout Africa with the help of Mansa Musa. They both have their fair share of success and failure. But I believe history as a whole is a little harder on Mali because once again it is a Negro kingdom, and finding fault and making it seem major is a thing that still happens ti ll this day. In conclusion I believe that is a mixture between race and time that holds Mali and Mansa Musa back from being held in the same regards as Egypt, when it comes to prosperity and popularity. Both are prominent and important kingdoms that had their fair share of success and failures. But the fact that one cannot pin point the exact race of Egypt’s rulers and its people allows for others to put it on a higher pedestal and look down on Mali, since it is a Negro or black kingdom. But in my eyes, it deserves to be right up there. It is an empire that if it had the right rulers and maybe had a longer time to shine would be something that would be talked about in many more class rooms like Egypt is. Or praised like Egypt is. Or fought over much like Egypt was to be begin with. I believe the only way for Mali to rise to the same height as the other kingdom is if this idea of race is changed and improved upon. I whole heartedly believe that is one of the things that keeps Mali in the sh adows. While I have heard of Mali, this is the only class where I was able to learn in depth about the empire and its people. In other classes it’s always Egypt. And I hope in good time people will look at Mali and see it for what it was. A powerful, prosperous empire that should be taught and talked about, just like Egypt is.

The clash of civilizations through different perspectives Essay

The clash of civilizations through different perspectives - Essay Example There is a great division between human beings globally due to the divergent cultures; notably, conflicts will be caused by the differences in cultures of people. In essence, the clash of civilization is the center of interest. In other words, the current differences and divisions on cultural background is the future battlefield (Webber, 2008). Imperatively, civilization refers to the cultural entities of ethnic groups, villages, religious groups, and nationalities. People are carried around the world at most with the principle of civilization. This situational phenomenon explains the advanced state of human society. This advanced state encompasses the far to which aspects like high levels of industry, science, government, as well as, culture have so far reached (Ridley, 2006). This paper will discuss the future of civilization under the relevant perspectives of system level analysis, state level analysis and individual level analysis in regards to politics. Conversely, civilization is the broader cultural identity and groupings of individual in the society; they vary, rise and fall, merge and divide, and end with time. It has to be restated that difference among civilization are basic and real. This is because people differentiate themselves based on culture, language, tradition, and religion (Surowiecki, 2004). People in the different culture perceive issues differently such as God, rights of others, equality, hierarchy, and freedom. These differences are real and the source of conflict in the future if not addressed. Discourse on the divergent cultural differences is essential in promoting peace and the future. The differences between cultures are the source of conflicts; however, conflict does not mean violence. Huntington (2007) asserts that globalization is reducing the world into a community of people through internet and information technology. This has

Global Talent Management and Improving Business Performance Essay

Global Talent Management and Improving Business Performance - Essay Example utually agree to the benefits and need of the GTM but still there are many issues that they face regarding the talent management at organizational level and at individual level which might be contradictory to one another. There may be two types of expatriate assignments that are given to employees who are a part of the multinational corporations. These assignments allow them to develop their talent on a global perspective as they receive assignments abroad and that helps them to develop significant skills to operate globally, to handle the global operations, and to spread the knowledge about globally spread operations in order to help the country networks and improve productivity to understand the business model. These expatriate assignments can be of two types which impact the organizational goals of GTM and individual level goals (Farndale, Pai, Sparrow, Scullion, 2014, p. 205). The expatriate goals can be organization-assigned expatriates which are often the ones which are assigned by the organization to send certain employees abroad who are deserving and talented. These employees have to live away from their families and shift abroad in order to fulfill the goals of their organization. This kind of expatriate assignments may not include the will of the employees always and some might find it extremely difficult to live away of their country and loved ones. Hence, the work gets affected and productivity would decrease. On the other hand, it would be a good option for the fulfillment of the organizational goals and GTM as it allows employees to understand and polish their skill in the international context (Farndale, Pai, Sparrow, Scullion, 2014, p. 206). Because of certain problems associated with this type of expatriation in the GTM, there have been two other strategies that are being used by multinational corporations. The first strategy is to reduce the number of organization-assisted expatriation assignments and promote rather other alternatives such as

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Place Value Lesson Plan 403 4 - Essay Example This is very important as far as understanding this number system is concerned, if not re-enforced with the help of some visible and tangible objects it will appear difficult to the learners. To help students comprehend this concept the first and foremost teaching aid would be a number chart "hundreds/tens/ones". Once the student is taught to place numbers in this manner the concept becomes simple and students remember it life-long. At this stage the teacher needs to remember that the class room has students with different needs and capabilities therefore a good lesson should be rendered with the average student in mind .Teacher may use worksheets with number chart on it and ask students to place given numbers in various combinations. They can be written on the worksheet and also read out in class. This method will re-enforce student learning further. Sometimes number blocks help specially students who need special attention, because actually holding a number block in hand helps in concretizing the concept.

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Evaluation - Essay Example He also furthered his review by comparing this film with other works by the same director and by questioning the chemistry between the director and the screenwriter. The review was incredibly thorough and it covered a lot of aspects that many moviegoers would not pay attention to, such as the clashing of the director with the screenwriter. However, these are still vital in understanding why someone did or did not like a movie. The writer of the review is a good writer and was very excellent in his details. He did not leave a single thing out in his review and, as previously mentioned, even included behind-the-scenes details that most people do not notice. The writer was also right in his review. The review was not a simple one that stated that he did or did not like the movie, but was a lengthy, well-considered piece. His reasons for disliking the piece are true. The film lacked many aspects that could have made it even better. Furthermore, the writer actually gave reasons as to why he did not like, instead of just skirting around the fact that it was a bad movie. I agree with what the writer had to say, and it would be hard not to agree with th e honesty and detail that went into writing the

PSYCHO-SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY Essay

PSYCHO-SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY - Essay Example Culture and media---in many ways manipulate the ways of thinking of the society. Women grew up deeming that perilous sports are meant for male species, because that is exactly how they were made to believe. However, as society changed its stand on gender equality, women gracefully marched into the tennis courts and charmingly started to acquire gold medals and trophies. Brown, Katrina J., (2010, p.1), â€Å"Globally, the participation of women and girls in sport has increased tremendously. Much of this growth has been attributed to relatively recent changes in national and international law, yet few empirical studies exist that test this assertion. In this study, the role of law, specifically gender-based sports doctrine, is examined across four nations: the USA, Australia, Canada, and Iran. Results are mixed, suggesting women have increased their participation in elite sporting events despite national legal and bureaucratic variations regarding women in sport.† Then again, despite the contribution and desperate attempts of women to participate in sports which are as dangerous as racing, dirt biking, surfing---men continuously dominate this field. The vindication on this issue is simple: gender, until this day, has a great bearing on people’s decisions. In the face of numerous efforts to pull off various recognitions in different fields which are normally for men, women are still outnumbered by Adam’s sons when it comes to sports activities. On the other hand, getting into sports---especially for men---can almost be taken as a social requirement, that not being able to be good at it can also make a person feel like he is less fit or not outstanding. It may not be the intended connotation of promoting physical activities in schools, however, peer pressure, as well as other societal aspects impel more and more people to get into sports---at times---not because they are inclined to, but they feel that

DEPRESSION Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

DEPRESSION - Article Example ression is a rigorous state that engages mind and body altering thoughts and mood of a person, a mental condition which hinders day-to-day work, studies, sleep, eating habits and pleasure. Depression could be severe called dysthymia, or neurological, it generates negative thoughts, gloom, dejection and diverse behavior which are responsible for gradual physiological and behavioral alterations. Such acts could have lasting implications on the psychology (â€Å"Depression†). Depression is inviting public concern as it is affecting millions of people. Almost 10% of the adults are victimized by this disorder. Observation reveals that individuals who suffer with depression are likely to develop obesity, arthritis, hypertension, chronic lung diseases, diabetes, asthma and coronary artery disease etc., thereby affecting mental state and well being of the individual. Under severe condition, a feeling of committing suicide could be observed in depressed individual (â€Å"Depression†). Depression is mostly influenced by the economic condition of the family, up-bringing, violence, stress level, nutrition, decisions taken in life, convictions etc. which directly display the cultural milieu and, hence, modulate the individuals life. The consequences of being diagnosed with the depression are further grave but some of the cultural settings pay attention to the total eradication of the problem. With the augmenting competition, individuals have to meet with the new challenges. In order to meet these pursuits and to be ahead in competition, promotion and amenities, every single person is striving hard to fulfill the cropping struggle. Those who are capable can do miracles and wonders but those who are unable to meet the challenges are likely to suffer with depression. This is one of the biggest reasons about depression gaining prevalence, irrespective of the class, color, age or any social standing, affecting females to the greater extent (â€Å"Depression†). Genetic predicaments

Free

Free Will and Divine Foreknowledge Essay Free will is the ability to make our own choices in issues regarding all aspects of life. It is a power that enables us to make our own choices that are not affected by external factors such as divine will. Therefore, each one sins by his/her own will. While, divine foreknowledge is the fact that God has complete knowledge of what will happen in the future. In â€Å"On Free Choice of the Will†, St. Augustine discusses a critical issue which is the incompatibility of man’s free will and God’s foreknowledge. So the question is, do we really have free will in spite of the fact that God foreknows everything? If God knows what must necessarily happen next, then how do have the free will to make our own choices? Augustine comes up with a series of arguments to prove that we sin by our own will with no intervention of the divine foreknowledge. Augustine first argued a characteristic of God that He has free will, and that He has foreknowledge of his own actions. Therefore, both God’s will and foreknowledge go along with each other. From this point he then assumes that man’s will and God’s foreknowledge are both compatible. But can we compare God with man? And is this argument convincing enough? More elaboration has to be given in order to make it more convincing. Augustine then proceeds to do so. He states that people who do not believe in the compatibility of free will and divine foreknowledge are those who â€Å"are more eager to excuse than confess their sins† (p. 73). That means that people who always blame others for their own wrong doings rather than admitting it are those who claim that we have no free will and that everything is already known by God, and that nothing can be changed, which they also use as a justification for their wrong actions. These people live their life by chance, leaving everything according to the circumstances rather than trying to take good actions. An example for that is the beggars, who always try to take money from people without giving anything in return or even having a job, although they have the ability to do so. But because of their laziness and their belief that this is what they were created to be, they leave everything to happen by luck and according to God’s foreknowledge that couldn’t be changed (p. 73). Augustine then moves to another point which is the relation between the will and the power to achieve that will. He states that the will itself is within our power. Therefore, our desire to commit certain acts is a power that we own. But if we will something that is not within our power then it is not considered as a will because we can only will what is within our power. Augustine then discusses that if something good happens to us then it is accordance to our will, not against it. So for example, being happy, although God foreknows that you will be so, doesn’t mean that we are happy against our will. Thus, God’s foreknowledge of our happiness doesn’t take away our will to be happy (p. 76). And so, he concludes that if God foreknows our will, then definitely this will is going to occur, and so it will be a will in the future. Consequently, his foreknowledge doesn’t take away our will. And since that what we will is in our power, God foreknows our power and He will not take it away. Hence, we will have that power because God foreknows it (p. 77). So Augustine made it clear â€Å"that it is necessary that whatever God has foreknown will happen, and that he foreknows our sins in such a way that our wills remain free and are with in our power† (p.77). However, the fact that God’s foreknowledge of our sins is consistent with our free will in sinning still stays questionable. Taking into consideration the fact that God is just, so how does He punish our sins that happen by necessity? Or is God’s foreknowledge not an obligation? The topic is still confusing so Augustine then proceeds to make it clearer. He explains that if we are certain that someone is going to sin, then we have foreknowledge with the wrongdoing that he/she is going to commit. This foreknowledge didn’t force them to do so, but it was done by their own free will. Accordingly, their will to sin is consistent with our foreknowledge of that sin. Therefore, â€Å"God forces no one to sin, even though he foresees those who are going to sin by their own will† (p. 78). Augustine then compares foreknowledge with memory. He states that our â€Å"memory does not force the past to have happened†, and similarly God’s foreknowledge of the future doesn’t force it to occur (p. 78). And we remember things in the past that we have done but didn’t do everything that we remember, likewise God foreknows everything that He will cause in the future, but doesn’t cause everything that is within His foreknowledge (p. 78). As a result, God punishes our sins that we do by our own will and which He did not cause, as God is known by his justice. Augustine then comes up with a good argument for all those who are still slightly confused, that if God should not punish us for our sins that He foresees then He also shouldn’t reward us for our good work that He also foresees (p. 78). To conclude, Augustine succeeded in coming up with a good argument showing that man’s free will and God’s foreknowledge are both compatible. The sequence of his ideas made his argument understandable and convincing for any reader. As a reader, I’ve always thought about that subject but didn’t receive any answers. However, reading â€Å"On Free Choice of the Will† made everything clear for me and made me well convinced that God’s foreknowledge doesn’t intervene with our own choices that we make. Works Cited Williams, Thomas. On Free Choice of the Will. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. , 1993. 129. Print.

Procter Gamble: Business Model

Procter Gamble: Business Model Business level strategy: Procter and gamble (Strategies and recommendations) Executive Summary William Procter and James Gamble founded Procter and Gamble in the year of 1837, and started working as a candle and soap maker. It is a consumer goods manufacturing company whose slogan is improving lives and moving towards betterment with time. Unique Selling Preposition of Procter Gamble is â€Å"our one product is equal to one vaccine towards the betterment of consumers†. It sells the products in more than 180 countries around the globe. It has also undertaken a number of brands, one of them are Revlon. The product being offered by Procter Gamble are health care, grooming, beauty, home care and fabric, family and baby care, pet care and snacks. Some of the company’s items earned a profit of $1 billion each year and some around $50 million annually. Procter Gamble is on maturity stage and potential competitors are Unilever, L’Oreal. It is facing fierce competition by competitors. Since it is one of the most growing companies, it has captured thousands of mi nds all over the world. It operates in countries like China, Hong Kong, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, United States, United Kingdom, Australia, India, Indonesia etc. the strategies of Procter Gamble in order to sustain its goodwill and profitability in the market are: availability of its products, concentration on growing opportunities, evolving more products, concentrating on most strong and profitable markets, devoting and dedication towards research and development etc. products being offered by the company are Ariel, Tide, Vicks, Crest Tooth Paste, Gillette products, Head Shoulder shampoo, Olay, Oral-B, Pantene, Always, Bounce, Herbal Essence, Ivory soap, Gain, Whisper, Mr. Clean, Puffs tissues, Safeguard soaps etc. OVERVIEW OF OFFERINGS AND CUSTOMER SEGMENTS OF THE COMPANY PROCTER AND GAMBLE Procter and Gamble is an American based company, known as PG mostly, is one of the largest and leading multinational consumer goods and manufacturing company which operates all over the world (Ranker, 2015) since 1837 till Today and offering jobs to the millions of people from all around the world (PG, 2015). Procter Gamble was founded and named on William Procter and James Gamble. It deals with multiple natures of products such as hair care products, personal care products including cosmetics (Nguyen, 2013), tissues, odor control products, home care products such as detergent and much more (PG, 2014). Company says â€Å"We are in the business of making life better every day, our each packet is equal to each vaccine towards the betterment and enhancement† (PG, 2014) and it is working firmly on that. Millions and billions of customers uses PG’s products which satisfies their needs and demand they like it to be (PG, 2014). Multiple of brands are associated with this company whose profitability touches more that $1 Billion each year (PG, 2015). Some of those star brands are Ariel, Tide, Vicks, Crest Tooth Paste, Gillette products, Head Shoulder shampoo, Olay, Oral-B, Pantene (PG, 2014), Always, Bounce, Herbal Essence (Forbes, 2014), Ivory soap, Gain, Whisper, Mr. Clean, Puffs tissues, Safeguard soaps which earns net profit of Billions of US Dollars every twelve months (PG, 2014). Procter and Gamble serves more than 180 countries and 6.5 million customers across the globe (PG, 2014). It operates in Asia (Japan, China, Hong Kong, Korea, New Zealand, India, Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Singapore, Australia, Pakistan, Turkey, and Bangladesh etc) (PG, 2015), Latin America, North America and Western Europe. It has its head quarters in Singapore for Asian region (Lafley, 2008). Critical discussion And Strategies of Procter and Gamble: One of the most important and say efficient strategy of Procter Gamble is availability of its products (Global-Operations, n.d.). Products manufactured by this company are highly available worldwide and are being offered and sold on convenience stores, super markets, hotels, motels, retailers, wholesalers, drug stores and intermediaries (MIT, 2015). The product availability of the company gives it an edge and makes it far superior that its competitors like Unilevers etc (SlideShare, 2015). Consumers get products easily and effortlessly when they are in need of a vaccine to make their life better (Favaro, 2013). The availability and accessibility of the specific products makes it brand brawny and hefty (PG, 2015). This in turns makes customer loyalty towards the brand much tough and muscular with time and targeted customers start trusting the brand, and same is the case with Procter Gamble (PG, 2015). Supply chain of the brand is as strong as it needs to be in order to result in a s uccessful chain management (Favaro, 2013). Likewise many other competitors of the brand, PG a further strategy is Research and Development (Riley, 2014). Brand devote approximately $2 billion each year on its RD department contains 8000 employees around the world (Ng, 2015). In spite of having 8000 employees in its RD department, company somehow failed to initiate a further brand successfully (Nisen, 2013). Hence, it faced intricacy regarding the department. One of the professors, named Charles Fine suggested the company to have a view on the world as innovation lab (SlideShare, 2012). Subsequently they start sourcing innovation through valued supply chain network as they deals the customer on one on one basis because of which they are rich on the drawbacks as well as the complains for products (MODE, 2015). This step resulted in innovation success rate three times than it was before. To take advantage of the advice, PG also launched its own website which motivates and welcomes innovations as well as feedback by the targeted customers, shareholders, stakeholders, partners and general public for further enhancement of the products (Khosla Sawhney, 2014). Another significant strategy being applied by Procter Gamble as an efficient and effective tool is change management (GCI, 2014). The company observes and on the blink of an eye takes action to bring up the change and exploit the opportunity to meet consumer’s expectation on the very first place (Neff, 2014). As competition is growing faster and fastest, very next moment involves business bodies in the shock of sudden and significant change. PG is a brand, who knows splendidly about their vision (Tode, 2014). Company takes change management as its one of the most crucial and unavoidable manner (Lafley, 2014). Nobody cares how much you know, until they know how much you care, said by Theodore Roosevelt (Forbes, 2012). Famous saying that is being followed by PG as it should be as it focuses and devotes more of its attention and care to the products who works as stars in portfolio and because of which entire corporation is enjoying free lunches, such as US market is strongest market being targeted by PG (SlideShare, 2012) and they are continuously treating it as focal point with jam-packed devotion and dedication in order to make it strongest (PG, 2014). Before finishing the strategy, I more point to be mentioned is Procter Gamble’s strategy is concentrating on improving operations, at least better than competitors (SlideShare, 2013). This is one of the rich ways to win customers trust and loyalty towards the brand (PG, 2014). When introducing to one more line of attack of Procter Gamble, it is essential to say that to uphold and retain its brand image; it is all about captivating trust and confidence from the targeted segment of market (Pakistan-Business-Journal, 2015). At the end of the day, all the steps, strategies, planning, developing and designing starting from a scratch is followed by a reason of winning trust and loyalty from customers because when nothing else seems to be helpful, this tactic does and it is not a piece of cake to get one’s trust. It takes abundant of efforts and plentiful of care, since one slip can destroy the whole. One more strategy being introduced recently by Procter Gamble is â€Å"Connect+Develop†. In this age of advancement, where the whole of the universe has become a global village, the connection is necessary for any company to float up in the lively market with its loyal consumers. However, in this social age, in which each and every individual is socializing has made us little more aware about our surroundings and circumstances taking place in this village (PG, 2015). Bruce Brown, Chief Technology Officer said â€Å"this strategy has helped us to deliver a number of successful and leading innovations which has accelerated the growth of Procter Gamble critically†. The company is by hook or by crook managing to uphold this strategy and maintain its prospering innovation rate. Laura Becker, General Manager said that they wanted develop and connect themselves in order to deliver products that has a greater level of innovation such as Swiffer Dusters which has broken down the innovations for market place manipulation. Moreover, she also stated that a category of products will be made that changes marketplace, and attracts customers which claim that they require the company’s products as they fulfill their requirement as per their wishes (PG, 2012). RECOMMENDATIONS In order to maintain its position in the market, Procter Gamble should keep an eye on its most profitable brands and products to even polish them so that not any competitor would have been able to eradicate the demand of leading products. For example, Swiffer Dusters-a product introduced by PG which changed the direction of market trend so seriously. As market conditions and market trends are changing so drastically these days, Procter Gamble should have a close look than its competitors to innovate and exploit opportunity from the changing trends of market. If brand to be a brand get successful innovations, it could have touch top position in the markets as well as in the sights of consumers, investors, shareholders, stockholders and regulating bodies. Creating a recommendation culture could aid to Procter Gamble for being more victorious and unbeaten company in the market. Motivating and encouraging culture could be proved as back bone behind the success of the brand. Managing change as soon as possible could also be proved as a strong tool behind the success. Since incorporating change in this unpredictable competing environment cold give support to the accomplishment of goals, reaching to the vision and creating win-win situation at the end of both, consumers and company. Better growth opportunities to the employees will in return adds to employee’s sincerity and dedication towards work. Employees, who are the core bodies of any organization, will work dedicatedly and devotedly for their organizations, this will result in better quality works and services to the organization. Quality assurance and image building could also prove to be helpful to capture the minds of targeted consumers. CONCLUSION Procter Gamble was founded by William Procter and James Gamble. It deals with multiple products such as hair care products, personal care products including cosmetics. Millions and billions of customers uses PG’s products which satisfy their needs and demand. Procter and Gamble serves more than 180 countries and 6.5 million customers across the globe. One of the most important and efficient strategy of Procter Gamble was found to be its item’s availability. Consumers get products easily and effortlessly when they are in need of a vaccine. The availability and accessibility of the specific products makes it brand brawny and hefty. This in turns makes customer loyalty towards the brand much tough and muscular with time and targeted customers start trusting the brand, and same is the case with Procter Gamble. Supply chain of the brand is as strong as it needs to be in order to result in a successful chain management. The company observes and takes action to bring up cha nge and exploit the opportunity to meet consumer’s expectation at instant. Company takes change management as its one of the most crucial and unavoidable manner. Bibliography Favaro, K., 2013. Does PG Need Product Innovation or Strategic Innovation?. [Online]  Available at: http://www.strategy-business.com/blog/Does-PG-Need-Product-Innovation-or-Strategic-Innovation?gko=b27ca [Accessed 12 February 2015]. Favaro, K., 2013. Does PG Need Product Innovation or Strategic Innovation?. [Online]  Available at: http://www.forbes.com/sites/boozandcompany/2013/07/12/does-pg-need-product-innovation-or-strategic-innovation/ [Accessed 12 February 2015]. Forbes, 2012. The Perfect Marketing Strategy for Soap, Soda, and Startups. [Online] Available  at: http://www.forbes.com/sites/brianclark/2012/04/24/entreproducer/ [Accessed 12 February 2015]. Forbes, 2014. Procter Gamble. [Online] Available at:  http://www.forbes.com/companies/procter-gamble/ [Accessed 12 February 2015]. GCI, 2014. The Strategy Behind PG’s Divestments. [Online] Available at:  http://www.gcimagazine.com/business/marketers/positioning/The-Strategy-Behind-PGs-Divestments-270370711.html [Accessed 12 February 2015]. Global-Operations, n.d.. Where We Operate. [Online] Available at:  https://www.pg.com/en_US/downloads/media/Fact_Sheets_Operate.pdf [Accessed 12 February 2015]. Khosla, S. Sawhney, M., 2014. The wisdom of less: How Procter Gamble can grow by  shrinking. [Online] Available at: http://fortune.com/2014/08/07/why-pg-can-grow-by-shrinking/ [Accessed 12 February 2015]. Lafley, A., 2008. PG’s Innovation Culture. Innovation, Volume 52, pp. 1-8. Lafley, A., 2014. The wisdom of less: How Procter Gamble can grow by shrinking. [Online]  Available at: http://fortune.com/2014/08/07/why-pg-can-grow-by-shrinking/ [Accessed 12 February 2015]. MIT, 2015. Bringing process innovation and creativity into operations. [Online] Available at:  http://executive.mit.edu/blog/bringing-process-innovation-and-creativity-into-operations#.VNxMLfmUeI9 [Accessed 12 February 2015]. MODE, 2015. Care Quotes. [Online] Available at:  http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/care.html [Accessed 12 February 2015].   Neff, J., 2014. As PG Looks to Cut More Than Half Its Brands, Which Should Go?. [Online]  Available at: http://adage.com/article/cmo-strategy/p-g-s-big-questions/294443/ [Accessed 12 February 2015]. Ng, A., 2015. PG: Company Strategies and Challenges. [Online] Available at:  http://www.academia.edu/5826081/P_and_G_Company_Strategies_and_Challenges [Accessed 12 February 2015]. Nguyen, L., 2013. Copy of PG STRATEGIC ANALYSIS. [Online] Available at:  https://prezi.com/r79dnp1uyg_d/copy-of-pg-strategic-analysis/ [Accessed 12 February 2015]. Nisen, M., 2013. PGs Ex-CEO Used A 5-Step Formula To Make Billion Dollar Decisions.  [Online] Available at: http://www.businessinsider.com/the-5-step-strategy-prcoess-2013-2 [Accessed 12 February 2015]. PG, 2012. PG Names New C+D Leader, Aims Acceleration of Open Innovation Work.  [Online] Available at: http://news.pg.com/press-release/pg-corporate-announcements/pg-names-new-cd-leader-aims-acceleration-open-innovation-wo [Accessed 12 February 2015]. PG, 2014. Committed to responsible operations. [Online] Available at:  http://www.pg.com/en_US/sustainability/policies_practices/index.shtml [Accessed 12 February 2015]. PG, 2014. Committed to responsible operations. [Online] Available at:  http://www.pg.com/en_US/sustainability/policies_practices/index.shtml [Accessed 12 February 2015]. PG, 2014. Leadership Brands. [Online] Available at:  http://www.pg.com/en_US/brands/index.shtml [Accessed 12 February 2015]. PG, 2014. PG EVERYDAY. [Online] Available at: http://www.pg.com/en_US/ [Accessed 12  February 2015]. PG, 2014. PG Sets Four New Sustainability Goals: Revises Existing Goals. [Online]  Available at: http://www.pg.com/en_US/sustainability/index.shtml [Accessed 12 February 2015]. PG, 2014. PG Story of Innovation. [Online] Available at:  http://www.pg.com/en_US/company/heritage.shtml [Accessed 12 February 2015]. PG, 2014. Strength in Structure. [Online] Available at:  http://www.pg.com/en_US/company/global_structure_operations/corporate_structure. shtml [Accessed 12 February 2015]. PG, 2014. The Power of Purpose. [Online] Available at:  http://www.pg.com/en_US/company/purpose_people/ [Accessed 12 February, 2015]. PG, 2015. Always #LikeAGirl Sparks Social Movement During Super Bowl XLIX and Beyond.  [Online] Available at: http://news.pg.com/blog/likeagirl/SB49 [Accessed 12 February 2015]. PG, 2015. Company Strategy. [Online] Available at:  http://www.pginvestor.com/GenPage.aspx?IID=4004124GKP=208821 [Accessed 12 February 2015]. PG, 2015. Company Strategy. [Online] Available at:  http://www.pginvestor.com/GenPage.aspx?IID=4004124GKP=208821 [Accessed 12 February 2015]. PG, 2015. PG Moments. [Online] Available at:  http://www.pg.com/en_balkans/company/heritage.shtml [Accessed 12 February 2015]. PG, 2015. PG Views: Company Strategy. [Online] Available at:  http://news.pg.com/pg_views_company_strategy [Accessed 12 February 2015]. PG, 2015. The Power of Purpose. [Online] Available at:  http://www.pg.com/en_balkans/company/purpose_people/index.shtml [Accessed 12 February 2015]. Pakistan-Business-Journal, 2015. Procter Gamble Pakistan (pvt) Ltd.. [Online] Available at:  http://www.pakistanbusinessjournal.com/b2b-directory/procter-gamble-pakistan-pvt-ltd_28081.html [Accessed 12 February 2015]. Ranker, 2015. All Procter Gamble Brands. [Online] Available at:  http://www.ranker.com/list/all-procter-and-gamble-brands/werner-brandes [Accessed 12 February 2015]. Riley, J., 2014. Marketing Strategy PG Takes the Axe to its Brand Portfolio. [Online]  Available at: http://beta.tutor2u.net/business/blog/marketing-strategy-pg-takes-the-axe-to-its-brand-portfolio [Accessed 12 February 2015]. SlideShare, 2012. pg marketing strategies. [Online] Available at:  http://www.slideshare.net/ritulakhotia/pg-marketing-strategies [Accessed 12 February 2015]. SlideShare, 2012. Procter Gamble Strategic Analysis. [Online] Available at:  http://www.slideshare.net/perdoch/pg-strategic-analysis [Accessed 12 February 2015]. SlideShare, 2013. PG. [Online] Available at: http://www.slideshare.net/deeparosejacob/pg-29329959 [Accessed 12 February 2015]. SlideShare, 2015. Procter Gamble Strategic Analysis. [Online] Available at:  http://www.slideshare.net/perdoch/pg-strategic-analysis [Accessed 12 February 2015]. Tode, C., 2014. How PG’s mobile social strategy helps build its brands. [Online] Available at:  http://www.mobilemarketer.com/cms/news/social-networks/17242.html [Accessed 12 February 2015].

Rock N Roll Research Essay -- essays research papers fc

First there was love and music. Then there was love, music, and a lot of drugs. Lastly there was love, music, a lot more drugs, and death†¦ The ugly turn was taken at the Altamont Speedway during a festival promoting free rock music and peace all around. The festival soon turned from carefree to tragedy with one lick of the guitar. The whole idea around the Altamont Speedway music festival was the idea of the ever so present Rolling Stones. The Stones being a rock band, who wanted to, in a way, mimic the basic idea of its predecessors, the Monterey Pop Festival and Woodstock. The idea that the people of the time weren’t about fighting and violence; they were all about loving oneself, loving one another, and most importantly, loving the music. Mick Jagger, the Rolling Stones lead singer, expresses his views on what they believe will be what people will conceive from this festival, he states, â€Å"Its creating a sort of a microcosmic society†¦it sets an example to the rest of America, as to how one can believe in nice gatherings.† (Remember A Day: Altamont) The Stones saw the positive effect these gathe rings had on the people and they also saw the amount that the publicity improved for the performers. So they assembled some of the most prolific bands of the time and chose to put themselves as the headliners. They booked acts such as Santana, Grateful Dead, Jefferson Airplane, Crosby Stills Nash and Young, and the Flying Burrito Brothers. What could go wrong? You have all the ingredients for a great music festival; you’ve got great music, loving people, loving peaceful time, and it’s free to whoever attends. Although that’s not all that was added. I forgot the main ingredient for this heaven turned hell, I forgot to add the security services of the Hells Angels. Boylen, 2 The so-called mastermind of the festival was Mick Jagger. He decided to employ the Hells Angels as security since he had previously had good luck with them while doing a free concert in London. Also the Grateful Dead had acquired the help of the Hells Angels before and all went off without a hitch. There was something different about these angels; â€Å" they were notorious for their violent nature and their excessive drug use.† (Remember A Day: Altamont) with this in mind, Rolling Stones road manager, Sam Culter, decided to do his part to maybe calm down the angels. So he bought them $500 in beer (wh... ...r the stage and fell and one man over-dosed on drugs. Throughout this whole festival there were only three main problems that hindered it from being perfect; the lack of sanitary facilities, numerous reports of people jumping fences to gain access, and the catastrophic traffic jam that took place when it was over. All in all, Woodstock did a wonderful job of getting the points across they feel that needed to be addressed. Nobody really wants violence and nobody will be around violence if they are not put into a violent atmosphere. The Monterey Pop Festival proved it. Woodstock proved it. If only Altamont could of followed in theirs footsteps, who knows where music would be today. One can only imagine. Works Cited Altamont. 23 Mar 2000. www.visi.com/~astanley/rad/altamont.html. Monterey. 23 Mar 2000. www.visi.com/~astanley/rad/monterey.html. Woodstock. 23Mar 2000. www.visi.com/~astanley/rad/woodstoc.html. 1969 Woodstock Festival & Concert - How Woodstock Happened. 23 Mar 2000. http://www.woodstock69.com/wsrpnt.htm. Woodstock At 25. 23Mar 2000. http://www.publiccom.com/14850/9407/coverstory.html. Introduction. 23 Mar 2000. www.visi.com/~astanley/rad/intro.html.

Willy Russells Educating Rita Essay -- Willy Russell Educating Rita E

Willy Russells "Educating Rita" Educating Rita is a play about a working class girl who is tired of her lifestyle and asks a university tutor to educate her in an attempt to change her ways her life. Her tutor, Frank, shows her the cultures and values of the middle class world as well as teaching her about literature even though he too is tired of his lifestyle. Rita forces herself to change and realises the damage she causes to herself, acting as someone she isn't. Willy Russel writes about the clash of cultures from each of the English classes. In the beginning of the play when Rita and Frank first meet, they hardly understand each other: 'Frank stares at Rita who stands by the desk Frank: You are? Rita: What am I? Frank: Pardon? Rita: What? Frank: (looking for admission papers) Now you are? Rita: I'm a what?' The way of speaking in each class is so alien to the other and both Rita and Frank are totally bemused. Willy Russell uses this to show how much each class is separated with the other and how little to do they have with each other, each representative of each class in the play is depicted as having made stereotypes of the other: 'Rita: Can I smoke? Frank: Tobacco? Rita: Yeh. Was that a joke?' And: 'Rita: You wouldn't watch ITV would y'? Its all BBC with you, isn't it? Frank: Well I must confess Rita: It's all right, I know. Soon as I walked I here I said to meself, 'Y' can tell he's a Flora man. Frank: A what? Rita: A Flora man. Frank: Flora? Flowers?' In these two passages in scene one, it is possible to see the stereotypes that both Rita and Frank have of each other. Frank thinks that Rita might want to smoke cannabis, and Rita initially thi... ...hat she hadn't said it. But she had. And that's why I came back', Rita feels that her family is acting in pointless ways, pretending to themselves, e.g. like her mother, and feels she cannot bear to keep living a lie and wants to be able live how she wants to live, but in the end realises her education may not have been as amazing for her as she thought, in the last scene she tells of her flatmate and how she resented her lifestyle, in the end trying to kill herself. Rita realised she didn't want just to be able to regurgitate quotes and empty phrases, but to be herself, to enjoy whatever aspects of each social class she wants. In conclusion, the message that Willy Russell is trying to convey is that the boundaries of social class can be broken, and the key to success is to be yourself and embrace individuality rather to conform to the sheep of society.

Fast Food is Destroying America Essay -- Fast Food is Killing America

"We provide food that customers love, day after day after day. People just want more of it† (Ray Kroc, Founder of McDonald’s). Coronary Artery Disease is a type of heart disease and the most common cause of heart attacks. Plaque from eating unhealthy foods, builds up in the arteries, the arteries harden and begin to become narrow and can cause chest pain and heart attacks. â€Å"Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems.† The environment is affected by the fast food industry because of the amount of pollution and trash they produce on a daily basis. The fast food industry has a harmful effect on society. Fast food has a harmful effect on society because it can cause Coronary Artery Disease. Nancy Clarke indicates â€Å"Fast food contains high amounts of cholesterol and salt, two nutrients that contribute to cardiovascular health problems† (parag. 2). Fast food is known to be unhealthy, it is high in fat, sodium, and cholesterol, which can cause Atherosclerosis and lead to Heart Disease. The U.S Center for Disease Control and Prevention claim there is a direct link between sodium and high blood pressure. Fast food is high in sodium and cholesterol can build-up plaque. The American Heart Association indicates â€Å"Atherosclerosis is a slow, progressive disease that may start in childhood† (parag. 4). Most patients have no idea that they could possibly have atherosclerosis. Trying to find out if someone has this disease is very difficult, the person would have to have a heart attack or stroke first. This is because it develops gradually, but when atherosclerosis starts to develop it usuall... ...e/442066-diseases-caused-by-eating-too-much-fast-food/>. Bhimji, MD, Shabir, and Shehnaz Shaikh, MD. "Hardening of the Arteries."Emedicinehealth. Ed. Alan D. Forker. Www.WebMD.com, n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2014. . Walton, Katelyn. "Faster Is Not Always Better – How Fast Food Effects the Environment | One Shade Greener." Faster Is Not Always Better – How Fast Food Effects the Environment | One Shade Greener. N.p., 18 Aug. 2011. Web. 13 Mar. 2014. . "Fast Food." Food Empowerment Project. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2014. . "Fast Food Statistics." Statistic Brain RSS. N.p., 1 Jan. 2014. Web. 23 Apr. 2014. . Fast Food is Destroying America Essay -- Fast Food is Killing America "We provide food that customers love, day after day after day. People just want more of it† (Ray Kroc, Founder of McDonald’s). Coronary Artery Disease is a type of heart disease and the most common cause of heart attacks. Plaque from eating unhealthy foods, builds up in the arteries, the arteries harden and begin to become narrow and can cause chest pain and heart attacks. â€Å"Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems.† The environment is affected by the fast food industry because of the amount of pollution and trash they produce on a daily basis. The fast food industry has a harmful effect on society. Fast food has a harmful effect on society because it can cause Coronary Artery Disease. Nancy Clarke indicates â€Å"Fast food contains high amounts of cholesterol and salt, two nutrients that contribute to cardiovascular health problems† (parag. 2). Fast food is known to be unhealthy, it is high in fat, sodium, and cholesterol, which can cause Atherosclerosis and lead to Heart Disease. The U.S Center for Disease Control and Prevention claim there is a direct link between sodium and high blood pressure. Fast food is high in sodium and cholesterol can build-up plaque. The American Heart Association indicates â€Å"Atherosclerosis is a slow, progressive disease that may start in childhood† (parag. 4). Most patients have no idea that they could possibly have atherosclerosis. Trying to find out if someone has this disease is very difficult, the person would have to have a heart attack or stroke first. This is because it develops gradually, but when atherosclerosis starts to develop it usuall... ...e/442066-diseases-caused-by-eating-too-much-fast-food/>. Bhimji, MD, Shabir, and Shehnaz Shaikh, MD. "Hardening of the Arteries."Emedicinehealth. Ed. Alan D. Forker. Www.WebMD.com, n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2014. . Walton, Katelyn. "Faster Is Not Always Better – How Fast Food Effects the Environment | One Shade Greener." Faster Is Not Always Better – How Fast Food Effects the Environment | One Shade Greener. N.p., 18 Aug. 2011. Web. 13 Mar. 2014. . "Fast Food." Food Empowerment Project. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2014. . "Fast Food Statistics." Statistic Brain RSS. N.p., 1 Jan. 2014. Web. 23 Apr. 2014. .

Massimo Vignelli Essay

In this modern day of computers and information technology, creating and designing an amazing object or place will be much easier due to the graphic design programs that are available to help modern day artist and designers. Nevertheless, it still involves the knowledge, skills, and experience of the designer. The talent of the designer to recreate a detailed yet beautiful design for a particular object is the one that are being paid for. One of the respected and successful designers in New York is Massimo Vignelli. He dedicated his life in designing and almost involved in various areas that requires his skills in creating and organizing beauty out of nothing. This well-known designer was born in Milan, Italy. He took up his bachelors’ degree in architecture at the Milan Polytechnic from 1950 to 1953 before completing it at the Universita di Architettura in Venice where he met his wife, Leila Vignelli. Massimo Vignelli’s first professional work was at Venini where he used to be a glassware designer. He taught at the Chicago Institute of Design from 1958 up to 1960 while his wife, Leila, worked as an architect for Skidmore, Owing and Merrill in New York. With their intention to still be connected to their homeland, they returned to Milan and open a practice institution for design which was named Leila and Massimo Vignelli Office for Design and Architecture. In 1965, Vignelli came to Chicago where he arranged a meeting with Ralph Eckerstrom, once a design director at Container Corporation of America (CCA) and a good friend. In this meeting came the idea of establishing a new design firm. Then, Unimark International was born with its co-founders Vignelli and Eckerstrom. With their similar viewpoints and principles in design, Vignelli and Eckerstrom took the challenge in the corporate design world. The firm’s vision: combining American marketing techniques with European modernist design within the same organization, creating an international firm that would get its strength through the best designs in the world, refinement of communications and educating the American design market. The beginning of Unimark International would not be successful without the people who believed in the concept of the two founders. Among those people who join the team of Vignelli and Eckerstrom were Bob Noorda, Larry Klein, James Fogelman, Robert Moldafsky, and at that time the respected design specialist Herbert Bayer. In 1971, Massimo Vignelli together with his wife, Leila Vignelli, founded the Vignelli Associates in New York. At the early years of the design firm, they have attained many corporate projects from Knoll, American Airlines, Bloomingdales, Xerox, Lancia, Cinzano, United Colors of Benetton, International Design Center New York and Ford Motors. Additional contracts from Venini, Steuben, and Sasaki for glassware design were also taken by the firm. Vignelli Associates was also responsible for the design of the showrooms of Artemide and Hauserman. Soon, Vignelli put his attention in designing furniture for Sunar, Posenthal, Morphos and Knoll. Among the well-known works of Vignelli are the Handkerchief Chair and Paper Clip table of Knoll. With the reputation of the Vignelli as a designer of versatility with illustrious design characteristic of clean work and the reputation of using bold lines and pure color in their design, they took the responsibility in designing the New York Subway signage. The Vignelli Associates first design the subway in 1968. Vignelli together with Bob Noorda planned to make a signage based on simple principle of delivering the necessary information to the people through the use of the Helvetica Medium which was then an exotic medium from Switzerland. The New York Standard Medium was used in the design due to the unavailability of the first proposed medium. After four years, Vignelli proposed a new design of the New York subway that replaced his previous work. This time, no more obscured angle of train routes instead all angles are set to 45 and 90 degree angle. Each stop was represented by a dot and each train line was represented by a color. The final work was a beauty of design art yet it still taken geographical correctness. Internationally, Massimo Vignelli’s works were published to various museums and art galleries. Among the notable museums and galleries that houses Vignelli’s work are the Museum of Modern Art, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and Cooper Hewitt Museum in New York. His works can also be seen at the Musee des Arts Decoratifs in Montreal and at Die Neue Sammlung in Munich. He also became a lecturer in design at premier universities in the United States. Vignelli assumed many positions in various organizations in the US. These include the American Institute of Graphic Arts (AIGA) and the Alliance Graphique Internationale as president in both organizations. He was also the past vice president of the Architectural League in the US and a member of the Industrial Designers Society of America (IDSA). Vignelli’s work was also been aired worldwide through the two feature-length television programs. A Europe tour of his work between 1989 and 1993 allow some places to discover and see his magnificent art works. Vignelli received many awards and appreciation for his art works. Among Vignelli’s many awards are as follows: Gran Premio Triennale di Milano (1964), Compasso d’Oro (1964, 1998) from the Italian Association for Industrial Design, Industrial Arts Medal of the American Institute of Architects (1973), Visionary Award from the Museum of Art and Design (2004), and the most recent is the Architecture Award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 2005. His latest work was the e-book entitled â€Å"The Vignelli Canon† which was released in January 2009. The copy of this modern version of Vignelli’s work can be downloaded for free from his website. References Art Directors Club biography, portrait and images of work. Retrieved April 5, 2009 @ http://www.adcglobal.org/archive/hof/1982/?id=255 â€Å"Massimo Vignelli of vignelli associates†. Designboom (2000). Retrieved April 6, 2009 @ http://www.designboom.com/eng/interview/vignelli.html Unimark International. Retrieved April 6, 2009 @ http://www.unimark-international.com/beginnings1.html#beginnings1

Gender, Resistance, and Violence Essay

Most people in the capitalist west take it for granted that what they refer to as the Muslim world is recognized most for marginalization and mistreatment of women and girls (Arebi, 99). This belief runs so deep that some westerners are shocked at the sight of Muslim women travelling alone or freely dressed (El-Ghobashy, 110). While the grounds for this belief may have been less shaky centuries ago, women in the Arab world have been taking more active leadership at all levels, rising to become national leaders in such countries as Pakistan, Turkey and the former Yugoslavia (Caprioli & Boyer, 506). The West, and the relatively young Israel, have attacked the Arab world on numerous occasions and not surprisingly, their soldiers are currently occupying Iraq and Afghanistan. The occupying soldiers have been blamed for imposing curfews, sexual assault, beating and humiliating the locals, shooting and injuring parents and their children, and closing border crossings at will (Dubinsky, Krull, Lord, Mills & Rutherford, 16; Mbembe, 39). It is not surprising that a large percentage of Americans are suspicious of Muslims (Asad, 97). Predictably, men in the Middle East have dominated the counter-assault on occupying forces, using such tactics as guerilla attacks, landmines, bombs and suicide attacks. However, women have not taken the backseat they would have been expected to take a century ago (Massad, 469). In resistance to occupation forces and the consequent assault on their culture, thousands of Muslim women have welcomed extremist anti-West ideas and proceeded to attack the occupying soldiers (Crossette, 39). Granted that women attract less suspicion, they make choice suicide bombers. According to Asad (94), the life of an Arab is far cheaper than an Israeli’s, according to the Israelis. It is not odd that the latter kills Arabs in their hundreds for every one Israeli killed. Arab women have been direct and indirect victims of these attacks. It is to defend their people against Israeli- and Western-inspired attacks that more and more women have joined the combat ranks of extremist organizations. Arab women have also led aggressive resistance political campaigns to champion their causes with varying levels of success (Hasso, 90). Thousands of Arab women have sought high-level education in the west and have initiated campaigns of resistance against the attacks aimed at the Arabs. Bibliography Arebi, S. Gender Anthropology in the Middle East: The Politics of Muslim Women’s Misrepresentation. The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, Vol. 8, No. 1, 1991: pp 91-108. Asad, T. Talal Asad on Suicide Bombing. Caprioli, M. & Boyer, M. Gender Violence, and International Crisis. Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 45, No. 4, August 2001: pp 503-518. Crossette, B. Militancy: Living in a World Without Women. The New York Times, November 4, 2001. Dubinsky, K. , Krull, C. , Lord, S. , Mills, S. & Rutherford, S. (Eds). New World Coming: The Sixties and the Shaping of Global Consciousness. Toronto: Between the Lines, 2009. El-Ghobashy. Quandaries of Representation. Hasso, F. Resistance, Repression, and Gender Politics in Occupied Palestine and Jordan. Massad, J. Conceiving the Masculine: Gender and Palestinian Nationalism. Middle East Journal, Vol. 49, No. 3 (1995): pp 467-483. Mbembe, A. Necropolitics. Public Culture 15(1), 2003. Pp 11-40.

The leading founders of the United States of America

Explain why you think one of the following made a significant contribution to American political thought prior to 1800: Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, George Mason, Abigail Adams, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, or Tom Paine. Explain his or her role in these important deliberations and why you think it was significant to the process, and may have influenced final outcomes. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN Benjamin Franklin was born on January 1, 1706 In Boston Massachusetts; he was the youngest child and the tenth boy in a family of 17 children.He was one of the leading founders of the United States of America, a member of the committee that draft6ed the declaration of independence and was one f its signatories. Despite the fact that his formal education ended early, this never terminated his education, he believed that the doors of wisdom are never shut, in connection, he learned simple algebra, navigation, logic, history, science, English grammar and a wide knowledge of several other languages.A s will be discussed below, Benjamin Franklin’s contribution or role or influence on the American political thought prior 1800 was and still remains significant both in America and in all the other parts of the world. To begin with his contribution is shown or rather confirmed in his belief in the fact that good citizenship included an obligation of public service. He himself served in United States of America in one way or the other for most of his life, for him there was no greater purpose in life than to live peacefully.Again, Benjamin as a political activist and writer, more than anyone, invented the idea of an American nation; furthermore, he was an early proponent of colonial unity. He also founded the roots of American characters and values, a marriage of the practical and democratic Puritan values of thrift, community spirit, self government institutions and opposition to authoritarianism both political and religious with the scientific and tolerant values of enlighten ment.Benjamin Franklin also spearheaded the effort to have parliament repeal the unpopular stamp act, this was in the American governing body. He became involved in politics after which he was selected as a council man then he became a justice of the peace for Philadelphia. Later on after being appointed the deputy master general, his most noticeable services in domestic politics was his reform of the postal system (Woolman, 2004). He also affected diplomatic service in connection with the relations of the colonies with Britain and later with France.He also protested against the political influence of the Pennsylvania family in England who were the proprietors of the colony. Another factor which shows contribution politically is that he was a member of the club of honest Whigs alongside other thinkers like Richard Price; this is when he became involved in active politics. He is also the founding father to four of the major documents of the United States; the declaration act, the tre aty of Paris, the treaty of Alliance and the United States constitution and all these form a very vital part of the American political system.The other significant thing he did that helped to tighten the American political system was that he advocated for the abolition of slavery which in turn led to stable political government. Among his many political roles there are some of the most evident ones which are discussed below; he was a representative in the Pennsylvania assembly, a colonial agent at London and a representative to the continental congress at Philadelphia in 1776 and the United States ambassador at Paris in 1783. At each of these pints, his political and social roles had changed.He was well situated and well positioned in his area of leadership that he was able to participate directly in the formation of government policies, by worship1785, he was on the periphery of the forums of political power and social privileges Although Benjamin Franklin’s use and discover ies in science and innovation are well rounded accomplishments, he is most credited for his action in the political office. Benjamin’s ethical mind and thoughts helped make the nation of America what it is today. He believed that America had to separate itself from its control under Great Britain.It is therefore a justifiable conclusion that perhaps his most heroic act is the work he contributed to make America the free nation it is today. Benjamin stood firm in his ground and belief that the Americans had to branch off from England even if there was strong opposition. He had to take the risk to as great depths as compromising with his fellow politicians yet he proved really heroic in the time of the political turmoil in the land for his ability to reason with others, stand true to his belief and the courteous nature at all time. Precisely, his work as a politician paid off greatly, more than he may have expected (Tomasi, 1999).Benjamin Franklin was truly the first American t o live the American dream, the dream that everyone, regardless of gender, race or background can be anything they desire through honesty and hard work. To cup it all, Benjamin Franklin was and still remains a hero in that through the voice he had in America, he has since brought hope to so many a people and through him, everyone seems to be having a bright future in the United States of America. He is truly a hero. Works cited Woolman, J. Autography of Franklin. Harvard: Kessinger Publishing, 2004. Tomasi, M American History. NY: Oxford, 1999.

Power Flow Control Using Facts Devices Engineering Essay

With the increased capableness of power system web, increased complex tonss and with the interstate power transportation, the control of power in both transmittal and distribution lines has gained premier importance. The conventional method of power control utilizing power sloughing is no more cost effectual and causes power perturbations in the system. Alternatively a smooth control of power is the alternate solution to get the better of the above job. Fast response existent power control will be necessary to take transients, maintain rotor angle stableness and supply equal post-contingency control of the web. Reactive power flow capableness on the other manus will function to minimise line VARs flow under normal runing conditions while maximising flows necessary to keep voltage stableness during the undermentioned eventualities. Power flow control may besides be strategically used to minimise or cut down the demand for transmittal enlargement. In general, the control action in power systems can be categorized as on/off of uninterrupted ( including measure wise uninterrupted ) . The uninterrupted controls for illustration can besides be categorized as either coevals based or web electric resistance based. The web electric resistances used for uninterrupted control can be either physical or practical ( non-physical ) reactive or resistive constituents. Virtual constituents are presented to the web via interpolation of controlled synchronal electromotive force beginnings shunt connected to the coach and/or connected in series with transmittal lines. Development of high power and high exchanging power electronic devices has made it possible to command big power flows utilizing FACTS devices.Structure of the power system ( Kundur )Electric power systems vary in size and structural constituents. However, they all have the same basic features. Are comprised of three-phase ac systems runing basically at changeless electromotive force. Generation and transmittal installations use three-phase equipment. Industrial tonss are constantly three-phase. Single stage residential and commercial tonss are distributed every bit among the stages so as to efficaciously organize a balanced three-phase system. Use synchronal machines for coevals of electricity. Prime movers convert the primary beginnings of energy ( fossil, atomic, and hydraulic ) to mechanical energy that is, in bend converted to electrical energy by synchronal generators. Transmit power over important distances to consumers spread over a broad country. This requires a transmittal system consisting subsystems runing at different electromotive force degrees.Power flow in an a.c. systemIn ac power system, given the in important electrical storage, the electrical coevals and burden must equilibrate at all times. To some extent the electrical system is self modulating. If coevals is less than burden, the electromotive force and frequence bead and at that place by burden goes down to be the coevals minus the transmittal losingss. However, there is merely a few per centum border for such self-regulation. If electromotive force is propped up with reactive power support so the burden will travel up, and accordingly frequence will maintain dropping and the system will fall in. Alternatively, if there is in equal reactive power, the system can hold electromotive force prostration. Demand for electrical energy uninterrupted to travel steadily ( F19 )Reactive power demand ( text book diabetes mellitus tagare )The reactive power demand of big public-service corporations like the province electricity boards in India can be divided into two groups. Fixed KVAR required by the public-service corporations to: maintain their transformers energized and to cover their KVAR for the distribution system to transport a minimal base burden. Variable KVAR to cover load reactive power demands non covered by the consumer reactive power demands by the public-service corporations transformers and distribution system to transport variable consumer burden.Ripples and power system transeunt analysis [ T 11 ]Ripples are utile for transeunt analysis. Much of power system analysis is steady province analysis. However in the country of electric power quality analysis, transients may presume an of import function. For illustration, it is sometimes necessary to cipher the extension of a lightning shot urge in a radial distribution system or a networked transmittal system. The transient created by a communicating failure of an electronic convertor might hold to be analyzed in some instances. The computation of the extension of transformer inpouring and shunt capacitance exchanging currents is besides transeunt jobs. A choice of power system transients appear in tabular array. Type Location Duration Lightning Overhead circuits  µs – MS Line exchanging Transmission and stand in transmittal system  µs – MS Capacitor exchanging Transmission and Distribution systems  µs – MS Communication failure Converters MS Transformer inpouring currents Transformers in transmittal and distribution systems. ms – s Analysis of these transients might be done in the clip sphere, in the frequence sphere or parallel simulation. These methods have their advantages and disadvantages. But all are stressed in the analysis of short clip transients assorted with low frequence signals. Ripples offer certain clip frequence advantages over strictly frequence sphere methods. The window of a ripple ( and besides a transform based on the ripples ) is automatically adjusted in breadth in the presence of long or short term signals. The female parent ripple in a ripple transform employs clip compaction or dilation instead than frequence transition as might be used in Fourier analysis. Besides it may be possible to choose the female parent ripple to fit the expected response- there by contracting ripple spectrum as compared to the frequence spectrum. Rebeiro is by and large credited with proposing ripple analysis for power system/power quality analysis. Rebeiro chief part apart from the cardinal suggestion of ripples on power technology is in the country of signal Reconstruction. Robertson, Camps, Mayer and Gish have late proposed the usage of ripples in power technology to: Capture power system transients for event recording equipment applications. Report power system perturbations Detect inchoate failure of equipment. Resolve power quality struggles. ( Hingorani )Series CompensationWhen a generator accelerates and angle ? additions /?t & A ; gt ; 0, the electric power transmitted must be increased to counterbalance for the extra mechanical input power. When the generator decelerates and angle ? decreases /?t & A ; lt ; 0, the electric power must be decreased to equilibrate the deficient mechanical input power. K = grade of series compensation = Xc/X 0 ? K ?1 Ninety is the reactance of the series capacitance. Ten is the entire reactance of the line at the cardinal power system frequence degree Fahrenheit. K = upper limit when /?t & A ; gt ; 0 K = 0 /?t & A ; lt ; 0 with maximal k the effectual line electric resistance lower limit. i.e the electromotive force across the existent line electric resistance is maximal. i.e the electric power transmitted over the line is maximal. With minimal K i.e K = 0. The effectual line electric resistance is minimal. i.e the electromotive force across the existent line electric resistance is minimal. i.e power transmitted is minimal. This means K is controlled in bang-bang operation. ( the end product of the series compensator is varied between the lower limit and upper limit ) This type of control is the most effectual for muffling big oscillations. Sustained oscillation below the cardinal system frequence can be caused by series capacitive compensation. It is called sub synchronal resonance ( SSR ) . Degree of series compensation is in the scope of 25 to 75 % . A capacitance in series with the entire circuit induction of the transmittal line ( including the appropriate generator and transformer escape induction ) forms a series resonant circuit with natural frequence fc = 1/2?vLC = fv Xc/X. If the electric circuit is brought into oscillation ( by some web perturbation ) so the bomber harmonic constituent of the line current consequences in a corresponding bomber harmonic field in the machine which as it rotates backwards comparative to the magnetic field produces an jumping torsion on the rotor at the difference frequence of f – iron. if this difference frequence coincides with one of the torsional resonance of the turbine generator set, mechanical torsional oscillation is excited, which in bend farther excites the electrical resonance. This status is defined as bomber synchronal resonance. Large generators with multi phase steam turbines which have multiple torsional manners with frequences below the power frequence are most susceptible to stand in synchronal resonance with series capacitance compensated transmittal lines. The series compensator is chiefly applied to work out power flow jobs. Fixed or controlled series capacitive compensation can besides be used to minimise to stop electromotive force fluctuation of radial lines and prevent electromotive force prostration. Series compensation is used to command to antagonize prevalent machine swings important transeunt stableness betterment for station mistake systems Highly effectual in power oscillation damping. However the operating and public presentation features of the two types of series compensator are well different.Approachs to governable series compensationTwo basic attacks: Thyristor switched capacitances and thyristor controlled reactors to recognize a variable reactive entree. Switch overing power convertor to recognize a governable synchronal electromotive force beginning. The series compensator is a reciprocal of the shunt compensator. The shunt compensator is functionally a controlled reactive current beginning which is connected in analogue with the transmittal line to command its electromotive force. The series compensator is functionally a controlled electromotive force beginning which is connected in series with the transmittal line to command its current. The map of the series capacitance is merely to bring forth an appropriate electromotive force at the cardinal Ac system frequence in quadrature with the transmittal line current in order to increase the electromotive force across the inductive line electric resistance and thereby increase the line current and the familial power. By doing the end product electromotive force of the synchronal electromotive force beginning a map of line current the same compensation as provided by the series capacitance is accomplished. However in contrast to the existent series capacitance the SVS is able to keep a changeless compensating electromotive force in the presence of variable line current or controlled the amplitude of the injected compensating electromotive force independent of the amplitude of the line current. The series reactive compensation strategy utilizing a exchanging power convertor ( voltage beginning convertor ) as a synchronal electromotive force beginning to bring forth a governable electromotive force in quadrature with the line current as per IEEE and CIGRE definition termed the Static Synchronous Series Compensator ( SSSC ) . The SSSC can diminish every bit good as addition power flow to the same grade merely by change by reversaling the mutual opposition of the injected Ac electromotive force. The rearward electromotive force adds straight to the reactive electromotive force bead of the line as if the reactive line electric resistance was increased. If the injected electromotive force is made larger than the electromotive force impressed across the unsalaried line by the sending and having terminal systems that is if Vq & A ; gt ; |Vs -Vr| so the power flow will change by reversal with the line current I = ( Vq & A ; gt ; |Vs -Vr| ) /Xc The SSSC can supply capacitive or inductive compensating electromotive force independent of the line current up to its specified current evaluation. The VA evaluation of the SSSC ( solid province convertor and matching transformer ) is merely the merchandise of the maximal line current ( at which compensation is still desired ) and the maximal series counterbalancing electromotive force. VA = Imax * Vmax. The control scope is uninterrupted from -1.0 p.u ( capacitive ) to +1.0 p.u ( inductive ) volt-amperes. In many practical applications merely capacitive series line compensation is required. One of import application is the coincident compensation of both the reactive and resistive constituents of the series line electric resistance in order to maintain the X/R ratio is high. At transmittal electromotive force degrees of 115,230 and even 340KV where the X/R ratio is normally low ( in the scope of normally 3 to 10 ) , a high grade of series capacitive compensation could farther cut down the effectual reactive to resistive line electric resistance ratio to such low values at which the increasingly increasing power demand of the line and associated line losingss and possible electromotive force depression would get down to restrict the catching active power. The SSSC with an appropriate District of Columbia power supply ( which could be powered from an accessible coach or from the Tertiary of handily located transformer ) would be able to shoot in add-on to the reactive compensating electromotive force, a constituent of electromotive force in anti-phase with that developed across the line opposition to antagonize the consequence of the opposition electromotive force bead on the power transmittal. In this manner by supplying coincident and independently governable compensation of both the reactive and existent electric resistance of the line in consequence an ideal reactive line can be created for maximal power transmittal. The line losingss I2R is still be dissipated by the physical line. However this debauched power would be replenished by the SSSC from the subsidiary power supply. The existent power compensation capableness could besides be used efficaciously in minimising loop power flows by equilibrating both the existent and reactive power flows of parallel lines. From the point of dynamic system stableness reactive line compensation combined with coincident active power exchange can besides heighten power oscillation damping. During the period of angular acceleration, the SSSC with suited energy storage can use maximal capacitive line compensation to increase the familial active power and at the same time absorb active power to supply the consequence of a muffling resistance in series with the line. During the period of angular slowing, the SSSC can put to death opposite compensating actions, that is, apply maximal inductive compensation to diminish the familial active power and at the same time supply the consequence of negative opposition ( i.e. a generator ) to provide extra active power for the line ( negative damping ) . In practical SSSC the electromotive force sourced convertor on the dc side is terminated by a finite ( and comparatively little ) energy storage capacitance to keep the coveted District of Columbia runing electromotive force. ( Remember that this District of Columbia capacitance is kept changed by the energy absorbed from the system by the convertor itself ) therefore the District of Columbia capacitance in consequence interacts with the Ac system via operating switch ( valve ) array of the convertor. This interaction may conceivably act upon the bomber synchronal behavior of a practical SSSC. The SSSC is based on the synchronal electromotive force beginning construct which is implemented by a electromotive force beginning convertor. WAVELETS ( A18 ) Ripples theory is the mathematical associated with constructing a theoretical account for a non-stationary signal, with a set of constituents that are little moving ridges, called ripples. ( A16 ) in the procedure of ripple transform the signal is non in footings of a trigonometric multinomial, but by ripple generated utilizing the interlingual rendition ( switch in clip ) and dilation ( compressed in clip ) of a fixed ripple map called the female parent ripple.